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no ion
Valence: 2 3 1 1 n/a
11. Covalent = a, d Ionic = b, c, e
12. Lewis:
O Al Na I Xe
3Mg + 2P [Mg]
3
2+
[P]
2
3
[ P ]
2
3
[Mg]
3
2+
P
Mg
P
Mg
Mg
1e
-
2e
-
15p
+
16n
0
5e
-
8e
-
2e
-
12p
+
12n
0
2e
-
8e
-
2e
-
1e
-
12p
+
12n
0
2e
-
8e
-
2e
-
15p
+
16n
0
5e
-
8e
-
2e
-
12p
+
12n
0
2e
-
8e
-
2e
-
2e
-
15p
+
16n
0
8e
-
8e
-
2e
-
15p
+
16n
0
8e
-
8e
-
2e
-
12p
+
12n
0
2e
-
8e
-
12p
+
12n
0
2e
-
8e
-
12p
+
12n
0
2e
-
8e
-
Mg + P: B-R diagram
13.
Cl
Cl
[ Cl ]
2
[Ca]
2+
O
H
P
H
H
H P H
H
Cl O Cl
N N
N N
14. Ionic: high melting/boiling points, soluble in
polar solvents, conducts when dissolved in
water but not as solid, brittle.
Covalent: low melting/boiling points, soluble
in non-polar solvents, doesnt conduct, soft.
These differences are caused by the different
strength of intermolecular forces in ionic
versus covalent molecules.
15. In order from low to high boiling points:
H
2
: covalent (EN=0), CH
4
: covalent (0.4),
H
2
O: polar covalent (1.4), LiF: ionic (3.0)
16. HCl, Na
2
O, PCl
3
, Al
2
O
3
, MgO
17. A) copper(I) iodide, b) HI(aq), c) dinitrogen
tetroxide, d) phosphorous acid, e) PBr
5
, f)
Fe
2
O
3
, g) K
3
N, h) H
2
C
2
O
4
, i) dichlorine
heptoxide, j) hydrofluoric acid, k) nickel (II)
sulfate hexahydrate, l) hydrogen sulfide
18. combustion: AB + oxygen oxides of A & B
synthesis: A+BC, decomposition: AB A + B
single displacement: A + BC AC + B
double displacement: AB + CD AD + CB
a) S, b) DD, c) S, d) D, e) SD, f) DD, g) S, h) SD
19. a) Ca + CuSO
4
Cu + CaSO
4
b) FeCl
2
+ Ag NR
c) H
2
O + Ca H
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
d) Al + H
2
SO
4
H
2
+ Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
e) Na + Ni
3
(PO
4
)
2
Ni + Na
3
PO
4
f) Au + HCl NR
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