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INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

DEPARTMENT OF SILVICULTURE








Techniques of Composting
BY
PHILIP WORLANYO DUGBLEY (E451138231)

Lecturer:
Dr. Ir. Irdika Mansur, M.For.Sc
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Ecology Restoration | Techniques of Composting
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSTING
Principles of the Composting Process
Factors Affecting Composting

TECHNOLOGIES OF COMPOSTING
Aerated Static piles (ASP)
Windrow composting
Passively aerated windrows
Forced aeration, static piles
Enclosed, or in-vessel, composting
Vermicomposting

POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF COMPOST APPLICATIONS

CONCLUSIONS
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INTRODUCTION
Composting
Is the controlled aerobic biological
decomposition of organic matter into a stable,
humus-like product called compost
The process transforms raw organic waste
materials into biologically stable, humic
substances that make excellent soil amendments
Composting is an ancient technology, practiced
today at every scale from the backyard compost
pile to large commercial operations
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PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSTING
Composting is the process by which various aerobic
micro-organisms decompose raw organic material to
obtain energy and material they need for growth and
reproduction.
The organisms responsible for composting require certain
nutritional and environmental conditions to survive and
function. They require adequate amounts of macro- and
micro-nutrients, oxygen, and water.
The activity of these micro-organisms is encouraged
through management of the carbon to nitrogen (C: N)
ratio, oxygen supply, moisture content, temperature, and
pH of the compost pile.
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PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSTING.
The Composting Process. Adapted from Rynk (1992)
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PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSTING
The composting process can be divided into two main
periods: (1) active phase and (2) curing phase

Active composting is the period of vigorous microbial
activity during which readily degradable material is
decomposed as well as some of the more decay-resistant
material, such as cellulose.

Curing follows active composting and is characterized by
a lower level of microbial activity and the further
decomposition of the products of the active composting
stage.


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PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSTING
Temperature changes in the average compost pile. Adapted from
Cooperband (2002)
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FACTORS AFFECTING COMPOSTING
Oxygen
Without sufficient oxygen degradation speed slow down. Oxygen
must be added to ensure aerobic decomposition.

Temperature
Active composting takes place between 40 - 60C. If the
temperature is allowed to go above the range microorganisms begin
to die slowing the composting process.

Time
Composting time depends on many factors. If proper moisture
content, carbon to nitrogen ratio, aeration, oxygen content, and
temperatures are maintained the shortest possible compost period is
ensured.
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FACTORS AFFECTING COMPOSTING
Nutrients
Nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, and potassium are required by the
organisms and plants. A carbon to nitrogen ratio of 25:1 to 30:1 is
ideal for composting.
Moisture
Water is required to allow chemical reactions, transport nutrients,
and allow microorganisms to function. The moisture content should
be maintained between 50 - 60%.
pH
A mixture of materials with a pH level between 6.5 and 8 have a
better chance of being effective than materials outside the range.
Size
Particle size and structure affect natural aeration. The smaller the
particle size the greater the aerobic decomposition because of the
increased surface area.
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COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES
The most common composting technologies or methods are
Aerated Static piles (ASP)
Windrow composting
Passively aerated windrows
Forced aeration, static piles
Enclosed, or in-vessel, composting
Vermicomposting.
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COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES
The Aerated Static Pile (ASP) is the simplest and least cost
approach to composting large volumes of organic waste
materials and require little management and equipment
Once established, it is very difficult to adjust moisture, and
static piles tend to go anaerobic in the center.
Aerobic conditions can be achieved if the initial pile porosity
is high (>60%) and there is a high proportion of bulking
materials to keep pores open for air exchange.
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COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES
Windrow is the general
term for an elongated pile
of stacked raw materials.
The windrow is
mechanically turned
using a bucket loader,
manure spreader or a
windrow turner.
The most is the
reestablishment of
porosity and the
ability of air to get
into the pile.
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COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES
3. Passively Aerated Windrow System


PAWS include perforated
pipes placed at the base of
each windrow to promote
convective airflow
throughout the pile

The key to this system is
thorough premixing of feed
stocks before placing on the
perforated pipes



windrows need to be
insulated with finished
compost . This is to ensure
thermophilic temperatures
reach the outer edges of the
windrow
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COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES
Forced aerated static piles
are similar to PAWS
piles, but blowers are
installed at the ends of
perforated pipes or air
ducts
Air flow can be
adjusted by changing
the frequency and
duration of the blower.
Usually, blowers
are set to turn on
when the compost
reaches a maximum
temperature.
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COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES
5. Enclosed Composting
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COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES
6. Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is worm composting; in which red worms
transform decaying organic matter into worm castings.
Vermicomposting does not achieve the high (thermophilic)
temperatures in windrow and aerated static pile composting
because the worms can't survive the high temperatures
Vermicomposting is usually done in containers and can be
done indoors and outdoors, allowing year round composting.
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BENEFITS OF COMPOST APPLICATION
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Composting organic wastes is an environmentally sound means of recycling raw
organic materials into valuable soil amendments with many uses.
1.
The reason
for making
compost
2.
Equipment and
management
methods


3.
Right mix of
ingredients to
optimize C: N
ratio, moisture
content and
porosity.


4.
Monitor the
composting
process:
temperature,
oxygen, moisture
and odors.


5.
Test the finished
compost to ensure
it has the qualities
for the intended
use.
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TERIMA KASIH !!!

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