Power System

1) Power Generation
2) Power Transmission
3) Power Distribution
 Power Distribution
Protection System
1) Feeder Protection
2) Transformer Protection
 Feeder Protection
1) Over Current Protection
a) Time delayed non directional (51)
b) Time delayed directional (67)
c) Instantaneous (50)

2) Ground Over Current Protection

a) Time delayed non directional (51N)
b) Time delayed directional (67N)
c) Instantaneous (50N)
Inverse Time delayed protection (51/67, 51N/67N)

* Allows time delay coordination with down stream

* Operating time inversely proportional to current
* Operates slower for low magnitude faults
* Operates faster for High magnitude faults
* Operating characteristic
Inverse, very inverse, extremely inverse

In modern relay definite time delay tripping can be added along

inverse characteristic
 Instantaneous (50) protection

• Used for detecting high magnitude fault current

• Same time delay regardless of fault magnitude or distance
• Co-ordination with down stream section cannot be
maintained.
Protection for 3 Phase System
a) Three Over Current b) Two Over Current
One Earth Current relay One Earth Current relay
Ia Ia

Ib Ib

Ic Ic

In=Ia+Ib+Ic In=Ia+Ib+Ic
 Earth Fault

E/F O/C O/C O/C E/F O/C O/C

 Phase Fault

E/F O/C O/C O/C

E/F O/C O/C
 Relay Basics
• Electromechanical Relays
– Magnets, coils, transformers, springs, etc.
• Static or Electronic
– Transistors, diodes, opamps
• Also magnets, coils, transformers, etc.
– Can duplicate E/M relay functions
• Digital or Microprocessor
– Computers!
• Also magnets, coils, transformers, etc.
– Can duplicate E/M relay functions
 Relay Basics
• Non-directional
– Detect fault in any direction
– Operate when quantity exceeds pickup value
• Directional
– Use voltages, currents, and angles to determine
fault direction
• Trip for faults in front of relay
• Block for faults behind relay
– Operate when quantities exceed pickup value and
correct direction is determined
Electromechanical
Relay (CDG) Inverse

Time, Seconds

Instantaneous

Multiples of PU Current
Modern
Relay Inverse

Time, Seconds Definite Time

1
1 2 10

Multiples of PU Current
Modern
Relay Inverse

Time, Seconds Definite Time

1
1 2 10

Multiples of PU Current
 Protection for Radial Feeding

For the same current in A &

B tripping time of A should
be higher than that of B

Time
{ A
B
Current

Breaker A Trip Breaker B Trip

Time Time

51 51

A B
Fault
Distance

Current Direction
 Protection for Parallel Feeding

Breaker A Trip Breaker B Trip

Time Time

51 51 67

A1 B1
Breaker B Trip
Time

Current Direction 51

Y
Breaker A Trip Breaker B Trip C
Time Time Fault

51 51 67

X
A B
Fault
Distance

Current Direction
Time Fault at Y Fault at X

Time
{ A/A1(51)
{ A1
B/B1(51)
B(67)
C

Current
Current

TB/B1(51)>TB/B1(67)
 Relay Co-ordination
0.14
T  .02  TMS
 I  1 IEC Normal Inverse Curve Equation

I =Multiple of Fault Current In Relay

Overcurrent Protection (50,51)

132 kV /33 kV
A A

B B

C C

50/51
50/51 51GN
50/51N

Relay(s) Relay(s)
Earth fault Protection (50N,51N)

132 kV /33 kV
A A

B B

C C

50/51
50/51 51GN
50/51N

Relay(s) Relay(s)

Grading between 51GN & 51N necessary

Transformer Differentials (87)
• Detect faults within differential zone
– Between CTs (within protective zone)
– Immune to external faults
• Will not see turn to turn fault
• CT Connections
– Delta for wye winding
– Wye for delta winding
– Compensate for transformer phase shift
 Type of Differential Protection

a) High Impedance Differential

b) Biased Differential

Mostly (b) is used in Bangladesh

 External Fault
I1 I2

I1' I2'

R1 R2

Op
I Op ~ 0
 Internal Fault
I1 I2

I1' I2'

R1 R2

Op
I Op = I1' + I2'
Dyn1 87 CT Connections
87 CT Connections
IA Ia=IA-IB

IA'
IB Ib=IB-IC

IB'
IC Ic=IC-IA

IC'

IC' Ic'
R R

IB' Ib'
R R

IA' Ia'
R R

O
Differential Protection
Cannot Protect Total
Secondary Winding
 REF Protection

132 kV /33 kV
A A

B B

C C

REF

Relay(s)
operates only for Secondary Winding Fault
 REF Protection

132 kV /33 kV
A A

B B

C C

REF

Relay(s)
Out side Fault--- Not Operation
 REF Protection

132 kV /33 kV
A A

B B

C C

REF

Relay(s)
Inside Fault --- Operating
 132 Kv Bus
Required Information

1) Fault Level at 132 kv

33 Kv Bus 2) % Imp of all Transformer & MVA Rating
3) 33 Kv Line Imp

11Kv Bus