By: Ravi Sonker (13030141026)

Himani Chauhan(13030141050)
Areejit Chakrabortty(13030141052)
Shikha Christie(13030141054)
MauriceMasih(13030141093)
Gaurav Dhavle(13030141104)
Vijay Pimplodkar(13030141111)
A collection of independent computers that
appears to its users as a single coherent
system.
systems goal of integrating multiple
resources and processing functionality into
an efficient and stable system.
Centralized Systems
Centralized systems have non-autonomous components
Centralized systems are often build using homogeneous
technology
Multiple users share the resources of a centralized system at all
times
Centralized systems have a single point of control and of failure
Distributed Systems
Distributed systems have autonomous components
Distributed systems may be built using heterogeneous
technology
Distributed system components may be used exclusively
Distributed systems are executed in concurrent processes
Distributed systems have multiple points of failure

The computers in distributed system are referred as :-site or
node.


network
Site A
Site B
Site C
Fig:- Distributed System
Distributed database are:
geographically separated
separately administered
have lower interconnection
Local and global transaction.

Local transaction:-
Is that accessed data only from the sites where the transaction was initiated.
Global transaction:-
Either accessed data only from the sites where the transaction was initiated
Or accessed data in several different sites.




In a banking system, each branch as its own computers with a database
of all the account maintained at that branch.

There also exists one single site that maintained all the records about all
the branches of the bank

Each branch has Account schema
Account schema=(account number, branch name, balance)

Each bank has Branch schema
Branch schema=(branch name, branch city, assets)

Case 1:-
Add $50 to account A-102 located at Valleytown.

If the transaction was initiated at Valleytown branch ,then it is local
transaction otherwise global.

Case 2:-

Transfer of $100 from account A-102 to account A-209 .

Account A-209 is located at the HillSide branch. Thus it is global
transaction.
Resource Accessibility
Distribution Transparency
Openness
Scalability
Support user access to remote resources
(printers, data files, web pages, CPU cycles) and
the fair sharing of the resources
Economics of sharing expensive resources
Performance enhancement due to multiple
processors; also due to ease of collaboration and
info exchange access to remote services
Groupware: tools to support collaboration
Resource sharing introduces security problems.

Software hides some of the details of the
distribution of system resources.
Makes the system more user friendly.
A distributed system that appears to its users &
applications to be a single computer system is
said to be transparent.
Users & apps should be able to access remote
resources in the same way they access local
resources.
Transparency has several dimensions.

An open distributed system offers services according to
standard rules that describe the syntax and semantics of
those services. In other words, the interfaces to the system
are clearly specified and freely available.
Compare to network protocols
Not proprietary
Interface Definition/Description Languages (IDL): used to
describe the interfaces between software components,
usually in a distributed system
Definitions are language & machine independent
Support communication between systems using different
OS/programming languages; e.g. a C++ program running on Windows
communicates with a Java program running on UNIX
Communication is usually RPC-based.
Dimensions that may scale:
With respect to size
With respect to geographical distribution
With respect to the number of administrative
organizations spanned
A scalable system still performs well as it
scales up along any of the three dimensions.
Distributed Computing Systems
Clusters
Grids
Clouds
Distributed Information Systems
Transaction Processing Systems
Enterprise Application Integration
Distributed Embedded Systems
Home systems
Health care systems
Sensor networks
1. Performance
2. Distribution
3. Reliability
4. Incremental growth
1. Network reliance
2. Complexities
3. Security
4. Multiple point of failure