ENERGY CONSERVATION

Dr. B. B. Ale
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering
Tribhuvan University
December 2008
 ENERGY CONSERVATION
• Energy conservation is any
behavior that results in the use of
less energy.
• Energy efficiency is the use of
technology that requires less energy
to perform the same function.
– A compact fluorescent light bulb that
uses less energy than an incandescent
bulb to produce the same amount of
light is an example of energy efficiency.
– The decision to replace an incandescent 2
 WHY ENERGY CONSERVATION IS
IMPORTANT?
• Limited amount of nonrenewable
energy sources on Earth
• Consumption of nonrenewable
energy sources impact the
environment. For example;
– Fossil fuels contribute to air and water
pollution,
– CO2 contributes to global warming
(GHG)
– SO2 reacts with water and oxygen in the
3
clouds to form precipitation (acid rain)
 IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
• Air – indoor/outdoor air pollution, ground level
ozone formation,
• Water – water pollution, scarcity of clean water,
reduction of recharge capacity, flooding,
• Global climate change – GHG emissions,
temperature rise, seal level rise, glacier melting,
draught, death due to heat wave and cold wave,
• Ecosystem and biodiversity – deforestation,
disappearing of wetland, acid rain, extinction of
plants, species, destroying of aquatic habitats,
4
ENERGY CONSERVATION - METHODS
• Energy conservation through controls –
reducing driving speed, telecommuting and
staggering work hours, better insulation for
homes and commercial buildings, modifying the
consumer behavior and avoiding unnecessary
energy consumption, awareness programme,
population control, low-cost mass transportation
system,
• Energy auditing – energy book keeping,
improvement in energy efficiency, replacement of
old and inefficient equipment by new equipment,
• Process heat and steam management -
cogeneration,
• Waste heat recovery – cogeneration, use of
heat exchanger,
• Electrical energy conservation in buildings 5
and industries – substituting incandescent
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY ENERGY
DEMAND
• Improvement in energy efficiency
– Cogeneration, hybrid vehicles, mass transport
• Conservation of fuel
– Reduce driving speed, low-cost mass transportation
system, better insulation for homes and commercial
buildings, efficient inter-city rail system
– Telecommuting and staggering work hours
– Population control to reduce future energy demand
• Fuel switching from fossil fuel to renewable
energy sources
– Fuel wood to biogas, fossil fuel to renewable energy
sources (i.e., access to clean fuel and ventilation)
6
BENEFITS OF IMPROVING ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
• Lower energy costs
• Reduced carbon emissions
• Improved working conditions
• Better control
• Ensures legislative compliance
• Aids ISO 14001 accreditation
• Demonstrates corporate & social
responsibility

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Energy Conversion Device Energy Conversion Efficiency (%)
Electric heater Electricity/Thermal 100
Electric generator Mechanical/Electrical 95
Electric motor (large) Electricity/Mechanical 90
Battery (dry cell) Chemical/Electrical 90
Steam boiler (power plant) Chemical/Thermal 85
Home gas furnace Chemical/Thermal 85
Home oil furnace Chemical/Thermal 65
Electric motor (small) Electrical/Mechanical 65
Natural gas combined cycle Chemical/Mechanical 60
Home coal furnace Chemical/Thermal 55
Steam turbine Thermal/Mechanical 45
Diesel engine80 Chemical/Mechanical 43
Gas turbine (aircraft) Chemical/Mechanical 35
Gas turbine (industrial) Chemical/Mechanical 30
Automobile engine Chemical/Mechanical 25
Fluorescent lamp Electrical/Light 20
Human81 Chemical/Mechanical 18
Silicon solar cell Solar/Electrical 15
Steam locomotive Chemical/Mechanical 10
Horse82 Chemical/Mechanical 10
Incandescent light (light bulb) Electrical/Light 5
Source: Pennsylvania State University’s Earth and Mineral Sciences web site: www.ems.psu.edu/
~radovic/fundamentals4.html, unless otherwise noted. 8
 GREEN ENERGY
• Green energy refers to renewable and
non-polluting energy sources; such as
– Anaerobic digestion
– Geothermal power
– Wind power
– Solar power
– Hydropower
– Biomass power
– Tidal power
– Wave power
• Nuclear energy is not sustainable nor
renewable. Nuclear waste is a pollutant if
released into the biosphere.
9
 RENEWABLE ENERGY
• Issues
– Deforestation, landslide, soil
erosion, battery disposal
– Noise, killing of migratory birds
(Wind)
• Challenges
– Utilization of renewable energy
resource for the replacement of fuel
wood is a challenge.
– Intervention of renewable energy
technology in rural areas as Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM)
program is a challenge in itself. 10
• Emissions
CARBON NEUTRAL

It can refer to the

practice of
balancing
carbon dioxide
released into the
atmosphere from
burning fossil fuels,
with
renewable energy
that creates a
similar amount of
useful energy, so 11
that the net carbon
ZERO EMISSION VEHICLES
• A zero-emissions
vehicle, or ZEV
will produce no
emissions or
pollution from the
vehicle when
stationary or
operating.
Emissions of
concern include
particulates (soot),
hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide
and various
oxides of nitrogen.
• Examples of ZEV: 12
electric vehicles
 HYDROGEN HYBRID VEHICLE: BMW HYDROGEN 7

1. Fuel tank, holds approx 8kg of liquid hydrogen at -253C

2. Petrol tank, with 74 litre capacity
3. Pressure control valve
4. Internal combustion engine, uses petrol or liquid hydrogen 13
STOVE EFFICIENCY AND COST

14
 TIPS TO SAVE ON ENERGY COSTS WHEN
COOKING
• Remember that you can't save much energy by
changing your cooking methods. Cooking uses a fraction
of total household energy compared to things like heating,
cooling, and lighting. The tips below do work, but the savings
is minimal.
• Use a crockpot and a microwave oven for baking. These
are the cheapest ways to bake.
• Open the oven door only when necessary. Oven
temperature drops 25-30 degrees every time you open the
door. Getting an oven with an oven light and a glass window in
the door will let you check on your food without opening the
door.
• Don't put aluminum foil on the bottom of a gas oven to
catch drippings. The foil blocks the heat that the oven is
trying to produce. (It's fine to put foil in an electric oven, as
long as you leave the heating elements on the side exposed.)
• Use glass and ceramic pans when baking. They retain
heat better than metal pans and allow you to lower the baking
temperature by 25 degrees.
15
• Isolate the kitchen. If the oven is on for an hour or more,
 SAVING ENERGY AT WORK
• Turn off all unnecessary lights, especially
in unused offices and conference rooms
and turn down remaining lighting levels
where possible.
• Set computers, monitors, printers, copiers
and other business equipment to their
energy saving feature and turn them off
at the end of the day.
• Minimize energy usage during peak
demand hours from 5:00 a.m. to 10:00
a.m. and 5:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
• Buy Energy Star appliances (USA), 16
products, and lights.
 EMPLOYMENT INVOLVEMENT
• Employees are encouraged to
– Turn off lights when leaving work
areas;
– Report leaking faucets, lavatory
fixtures, piping etc.
– Keep windows and outside doors
closed;
– Turn off all tools and portable
appliances when not in use;
– Leave thermostats at a constant 17
 SAVING ENERGY AT HOME
• Turn off non-essential lights and
appliances. The electricity generated by
fossil fuels for a single home puts more
carbon dioxide into the air than two
average cars!
• Avoid running large appliances such as
washers, dryers, and electric ovens during
peak energy demand hours from 5:00 a.m.
to 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
• Close shades and blinds at night to reduce
the amount of heat lost through windows.
This also applies during the day for warm
climates.
• Buy Energy Star appliances, products and 18
ENERGY
STAR

19
 HOW TO GO FOR CARBON
NEUTRAL ?
• Home appliances
– Use compact florescent lamp and turn off when
leaving the room
– Use lights as needed (e.g. bright kitchen)
– Use clean fuel for cooking (LPG, biogas,
electricity)
– Use solar water heater system to heat water
– Use SODIS method to treat drinking water
• Transport
– Reduce the consumption of fossil fuel as much
as you can
– Use bicycle, electrical vehicles or mass
transport 20
 CFL PENETRATION AT BAU
The following are the major
assumptions of this scenario:
– GDP growth rate according to BAU case,
i.e. average GDP growth rate at 3.89%.
– Incandescent bulbs replaced by CFLs at
the rate of 50% in 2015 and then
linearly to 100% in 2030

Note: Compact fluorescent light bulbs

use less energy and last 10 times
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longer than incandescent light bulbs.
POWER PLANT CAPACITY & CFL PENETRATION

22
 INTRODUCTION OF ICS 50% AND 100% BY
2015 AND 2030 RESPECTIVELY IN THE RURAL
AREAS

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 BIOMASS CONSERVATION
• Replace traditional stoves by
more efficient improved cook
stoves (ICS with chimney,
induced air metal stoves, bio-
briquette stoves, rice husk
stoves, gasifiers etc.)
• Fuel switching: use bio-
briquettes, fuel wood in small
sizes, agri-residues, electricity if
possible etc. 24
 BIOMASS CONSERVATION
• Use solar cooker/solar dryer for
drying agri-products
• Carry out plantation of trees
• Use hollow bricks instead of bricks
• Replace incandescent lamps by
CFL or replace kerosene lamp or
Diyalo by solar lamps
• Aware people to use these devices
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 BIOMASS CONSERVATION

• Promote energy saving devices

• Provide soft loan to buy these
devices through micro-financing
agencies or VDC
• Establish service center to
maintain and repair these
devices by providing necessary
training to artisans (capacity 26
 Below is a list of common household appliances. Rank the
appliances from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) according to
the amount of energy you think they use. For example, if
you think the refrigerator uses the most energy, rank it
10. Rankin What am How do I use energy?
g I?
Television A. I use energy to spin and keep you cool.

Stereo B. Even though I was always plugged into

an outlet, energy is consumed only when I
am tuned on to heat food.
Refrigerator C. I use energy to produce picture on a
screen.
Washing D. I use energy to rinse and spin.
machine
Water heater E. I use energy when I am plugged in and
tuned to a certain temperature.
Stove F. I use a large amount of energy derived
from electricity or gas to cook food.
Ceiling fan G. I use energy to receive radio wave in
your home.
Toaster H. I use a lot of energy because I am
always cooling or freezing. 27
 Answer to Quiz: energy consumption by common
household
Rankin What appliances.
am How do I use energy?
g I?
Television 3 C A. I use energy to spin and keep you cool.
Stereo 1 G B. Even though I was always plugged into an
outlet, energy is consumed only when I am
tuned on to heat food.
Refrigerator 8 H C. I use energy to produce picture on a screen.
Washing 4 D D. I use energy to rinse and spin.
machine
Water heater 10 I E. I use energy when I am plugged in and tuned
to a certain temperature.
Stove 9 F F. I use a large amount of energy derived from
electricity or gas to cook food.
Ceiling fan 2 A G. I use energy to receive radio wave in your
home.
Toaster 7 J H. I use a lot of energy because I am always
cooling or freezing.
Iron 5 E I. I use a large amount of energy so that you
can take warm showers and have hot water.
Microwave 6 B J. I use energy to heat coils that cook your food.
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CO2 PRODUCED BY TRANSPORT USED
IN IOE
• Ground vehicles:
– Fossil fuels consumption to produce X amount
of CO2. ( 2.34 kg of CO2 per liter)

• Air travel (Total length of airplane

flights):
– Fossil fuels consumption to produce Y amount
of CO2. (0.18 kg of CO2 per km traveled)

• Total carbon emissions: X + Y

• Carbon offset:
– Reforestation: ?
– Afforestation: ? 29
 CONCLUSIONS
• Don’t use unnecessary energy (try to
conserve energy as far as possible)
• Plan your daily activities to minimize
the use of fossil fuels
• Use energy efficient devices as far as
possible
• Promote the uses of renewable
energy technology
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 TERMINOLOGIES
• Energy audit – this is an investigation of energy
use in an organization to identify major areas of
energy use and opportunities for achieving
energy savings.
• Energy conservation – this is the employment of
energy saving measures which involve reducing
waste and improving the efficiency of energy
use.
• Active energy conservation – this means
incorporating mechanical devices such as solar
hot water units, solar operated curtains and
blinds, solar fans etc into a building.

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 TERMINOLOGIES
• Passive energy conservation – this refers to
materials, colors, orientations, eaves
overhang and insulation incorporated into the
building i.e.; non mechanical inclusions.
• Peak demand – this is the highest kilowatt
load obtained during any demand interval of
30 minutes within the billing period of one
month.
• Demand limit control – the turning off selected
load off, at least for a short time, when total
building demand approaches a target limit.

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