INTRODUCTION

TO THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM

THE FUNCTION :

Distinguish sell from nonself antigen
Protect the organism from nonself
antigen
Necessary for survival in human
being and all animals

NONSPESIFIC IMMUNITY ( INNATE
IMMUNITY )
Inflammatory Response and Phagocytosis
Skin and mucosa barrier

SPESIFIC IMMUNITY ( ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY )
Hummoral Immunity
Cellular Immunity

CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

A. LYMPHOCYTES
B. PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
C. BASOPHILS AND MAST CELLS
A. LYMPHOCYTES :
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Null cells

B. PHAGOCYTIC CELLS :
Macrophages
Polymorphonuclear leucocytes
Eosinophils

C. BASOPHILS AND MAST CELLS
Development of the Immune System
A. PHYLOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT
B. ONTOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT

1. In mature mammals, the primary
lymphoid organs are the thymus and
bone marrow

2. Phagocytic cells

3. Complement components
Immune system functional
components
A. ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
(Humoral Immunity)
1. Immunoglobulin structure
2. Antibody diversity
3. Structural functional correlates
4. Immunoglobulin classes
a. Immunoglobulin G
b. Immunoglobulin M
c. Immunoglobulin A
d. Immunoglobulin D
e. Immunoglobulin E
Difference between humoral and cell
mediated immunity
Humoral immunity Cell immunity

Antibody mediated Cell mediated
B lymphocyte T lymphocyte
Against bacterial Against viruses,
Infection fungi, intracellular
organisms, tumor
antigens, allograft
rejection

B. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
1. The T helper 1 / T helper 2 paradigm

2. T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells exhibit
functionally distinct characteristics

3. T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells regulate
cellular function

Phagocytic immuniy
CIRCULATING
FIXED

The steps of phagocytoses and destruction of foreign antigen
1. Random movement
2. Neutrophil adherence
3. Transmembrane migration (diapedesis)
4. Chemotoxis
5. Opsonization and fixation
6. Ingestion
7. Metabolic activation
8. Destruction

PHAGOCYTIC IMMUNITY
SPECIFIC FEATURES

A. Phagocytic cells migration

B. Opsonization

C. Phagocytosis
The Complement System
A. The classic activation pathway

B. Alternative pathway activation

C. Amplification

D. Effection mechanism

E. The membrane attack complex (MAC)
Antigen Antibody Interactions
ANTIGEN

ALLERGEN

IMMUNOGENICITY

ANTIGENICITY

HAPTEN
IMMUNOGENICITY

= Physical properties of the antigen

= Biologic system

= Route of administration

= Method of immunization
Classification of Immunologic
Reactions
Type I (Ig E Mediated)
Anaphylactic or immediate hypersensitivity :

- Early phase reaction

- Late phase reaction
Type II Cytotoxic Reactions

Binding of either Ig G or Ig M
antibody to cell bound antigens

Type III Immune Complex
Mediated Reactions

Type IV Cell Mediated,
Delayed Hypersensitivity