PD

OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW

SOURCE OF DISCOVERY:
ONSHORE (INLAND)
OFFSHORE (SUBSEA)
CBM (COAL BED METHANE)
SHALE GAS

MAJOR COMPONENTS: (COMINGLED)
OIL
GAS
CONDENSATE
WATER











1
PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW
MAJOR OIL COMPONENTS
LIGHT DISTILLATES:
NAPHTHA MADE IN TO GASOLINE / PETROCHEMICALS
KEROSENE
MIDDLE DISTILLATES
LIGHT GAS OIL - MADE IN TO JET / DIESEL FURNACE FUELS
HEAVY GAS OIL FURTHER PROCESSED TO PRODUCE NAPHTHA
& OTHER PRODUCTS
RESIDUE:
FUEL OIL, WAXES, GREASES, ASPHALTS


Crude oil is essentially a mixture of many different hydrocarbons, all of
varying lengths and complexities. In order to separate the individual
components that make up the raw natural resource, the crude oil must be
fractionally distillated so that chemical components can be removed one
at a time according the their boiling points








2
PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW
COMPOSTION OF PETROLEUM
ALTHOUGH THERE IS CONSIDERABLE VARIATION BETWEEN THE
RATIOS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES, THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF
PETROLEUM IS WELL-DEFINED

Carbon - 83 to 87%
Hydrogen - 10 to 14%
Nitrogen - 0.1 to 2%
Oxygen - 0.05 to 1.5%
Sulfur - 0.05 to 6.0%
Metals - < 0.1%
The most common metals are iron, nickel, copper and vanadium.








3
PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW

HYDROCARBONS IN CRUDE OIL
THERE ARE FOUR MAIN TYPES OF HYDROCARBONS FOUND IN
CRUDE OIL.
PARRAFINS. 15-60%
NAPHTHENES.30-60%
AROMATICS.3-30%
ASPHALTICSRemainder












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PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW

COMPOSTION OF GAS (NG)
Natural gas is composed primarily of methane, but may also contain ethane,
propane and heavier hydrocarbons. Small quantities of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, sulfur compounds, and water may also be found in natural gas.

METHANE. 80 -98 %
OTHERS.2-20 %
PROPANE
BUTANE
ETHANE
PENTANE
CO
2
NITROGEN












5
PD
OIL & GAS













6
PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW
MAJOR OIL & GAS EXPORATION C0. IN INDIA
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
Reliance Industries
Cairn India
Oil India
Essar Oil
Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation
BG Group
BP












7
PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW

OIL & GAS OPERATING C0. IN INDIA

IOC, BPCL , HPCL
ONGC, RELIANCE
GAIL, IGL
CAIRN INDIA
OIL INDIA
ESSAR OIL
GSPC
LNG PETRONET
HOEC.









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PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW

MAJOR OIL & GAS FIELDS IN INDIA
BOMBAY HIGH
ONGC-MORE THAN 200 WELLS
KG BASIN
ONGC..G1-G15 FIELD , VASHISHTA & S6 FIELD
RELINCE.KG-D6
GSPC
BARMER (RAJ.)- CAIRN INDIA
MANGLA FIELD
BHAGYAM FIELD
AISHWARIYA FIELD
CAUVERY FIELD
HOEC. PYI,PY3 FIELDS










9
PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW

MAJOR OIL & GAS FIELDS IN INDIA
CAMBAY
CAIRN INDIA- LAKSHMI-1 & LAKSHMI-2
HOEC-NORTH BALOL
ASSAM FIELDS
ONGC..SEVERAL
OIL INDIA SEVERAL
HOEC.
GUJARAT
ONGC-ANKLESHWAR,KALOL,MEHSANA,KHAMBAT,AHMEDABAD
CAUVERY FIELD
HOEC. PYI,PY3 FIELDS










10
PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW

STRATEGIC OIL STORAGE IN INDIA

MANDATORY STORGE TANKS
SEVERAL REFINERIES AND PORTS
TO ENSURE ENERGY SECURITY, THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA HAS
DECIDED TO SET UP 5 MILLION METRIC TONES (MMT) STRATEGIC
CRUDE OIL STORAGES AT THREE LOCATIONS

CAVENS (UNDERGROUND)
VIZAG
MANGALORE
PEDUR NEAR UDUPI










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PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW

MAJOR REFINERY UNITS (PLANTS)
CDU CRUDE DISTILLATION UNIT
VDU..VACCUM DISTILLATION UNIT
FPUFEED PREPARATION UNIT
FCC..FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKER
HCU. HYDROCRACKER UNIT
SRU.SULPHUR RECOVERY UNIT
BBU.BITUMEN BLOWING UNIT
ARUAROMATIC RECOVERY UNIT
SW. SOUR WATER STRIPPER
H
2
. HYDROGEN UNIT



12
PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW

MAJOR UTILITY PLANTS
CAPTIVE POWER PLANT / STEAM BOILERS,TURBO-GENERATOR
RAW WATER INTAKE & STORAGE SYSTEM
COOLING WATER SYSTEM & COOLING TOWERS
FIRE WATER STORAGE & DISTRIBTION NETWORK
POTABLE WATER STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION
DEMIN. WATER PLANT
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT (WWTP)
PLANT AIR COMPRESSORS, INST. AIR SYSTEM
NITROGEN PLANT
GAS GENEATORS / DIESEL GENERATORS
DIESEL STORAGE
FUEL OIL SYSTEM
CHEMICALS STORAGE & INJECTION SYSTEM
FLARE SYSTEM & FLARE STACK



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PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW

MAJOR BUILDINGS / INFRASTRUCTURE
CONTROL ROOM
SUB STATIONS / TRANSFORMERS
ADMINISTRATION BLOCK
WORKSHOPS (MECH. /ELECT./ INST./INSULATION)
LABORATORY
FIRE STATION / FIRE TRAINING AREA
CANTEEN ( OFFICERS /STAFF)
TRAINING CENTRE / FIRST AID FACILITY
POWER GENERATOR BUILDING,BATTERY ROOM
COMPRESSOR HOUSE /SHED
FIRE WATER PUMP HOUSE
PUMP HOUSE SHEDS
DIESEL STORAGE
FUEL OIL SYSTEM
CHEMICALS STORAGE & INJECTION SYSTEM
FLARE SYSTEM & FLARE STACK
CAR / BIKE PARKING
COMPOUND WALL



14
PD
OIL & GAS AN OVERVIEW

STORAGE FACILITIES
CRUDE OIL MANDATORY STORAGE TANKS
FEED PRODUCT TANKS
INTERMEDIATE STORAGE TANKS
FINISHED PRODUCT TANKS
FIRE WATER TANKS
POTABLE WATER TANK /SUMP
DIESEL STORAGE TANK
FUEL OIL TANKS
CHEMICALS STORAGE TANKS
HORTON SPHERES
BULLETS
MOUNDED BULLETS
RAW WATER TANKS / SUMP
WASTE WATER HOLDING POND

15
PD


P-02
ROLE OF PIPING ENGINEER
IN
OIL &GAS INDUSTRY
16
PD
ROLE OF PIPING ENGINEER
AS A BIG BROTHER

PROCESS
17
PD


PIPING FUNCTIONS & SOFTWARES
PIPING
MTO
STRESS
IPMS / MARIAN
PDS /PDMS
/ACAD/
MICRO STN. CAESER -II
PIPING LAYOUTS
18
PD
ROLE OF PIPING ENGINEER IN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
Pipes and piping systems are the veins and arteries of chemical
process plants used for transporting liquids, vapours, slurries, solids
etc. under various conditions, as defined by the process design of the
plant.
Every plant be it refinery, petrochemical, fertilizer, power or any other
requires a lot of conceptualization, planning, engineering, designing ,
construction, commissioning and operation.
Piping engineer has the major role to play in all these phases of every
plant right from conceptual design to commissioning and operation.
Piping engineer is responsible for in-house co-ordination with all other
disciplines such as process, civil/structures, instrumentation,
mechanical(Static /Rotary), electrical etc.
Piping engineer is also responsible for collection of site data of
existing plants
Compliance to mandatory rules and regulations also form part of his
responsibility
Piping engineer shall have dual reporting to HOD and Project Manager

19
PD
MAJOR PIPING ACTIVITIES
OVERALL PLOT PLAN
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT ( UNITS)
KEY PLAN (AREA DIVISION )
SCOPE REVIEW,DESIGN BASIS
PMS / VMS, THK. & REINFORCEMENT, BOLTING TORQUE CALCULATION
NOZZLE ORIENTATION
PIPING STUDIES ( CRITICAL AREA)- PLANOMETRIC
EQUIPMENT MODELING
PIPERACK & STRUCTURES MODELLING (BY STRUCT. GROUP)
PIPING MODELING
GAD EXTRACTION,GAD ANNOTATION
ISOMETRIC EXTRACTION,VESSEL TRIMS,INTERFERENCE CHECK
FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS ( SYSTEMWISE)
MTO SUMMARY ( AREAWISE /UNITWISE/ OVERALL), MTO CONTROL
MR /PR /TBE
PIPING JOB SPEC. ( INSUL /PAINTING/ NDT/HYDRO-TEST/ FAB/ WELDING)
PIPING JOB STD.,SPECIAL SUPPORTS
TENDER SOR
ENGG. CO-ORD. SQUAD CHECKING
3 D MODEL REVIEW
STEAM / ELECT. TRACING,JACKETING
IBR PACKAGE


20
PD
PIPING DESIGN IN SMALL ORGANIZATION

21
PD
PIPING DESIGN IN LARGE ORGANIZATION
PIPING DESIGN IN LARGE ORGANIZATION

22
PD
TYPICAL MATERIAL COST BREAKDOWN
60%
15%
5%
8%
8%
2%
2%
Major Equipments
Piping
Instrumentation
Electrical Equipments
Building Structure
and foundation
Insulation
Painting
23
PD
MAN-HOUR DISTRIBUTION IN ENGINEERING DESIGN



24
PD
QUALITIES OF A PIPING ENGINEER
Must have wide engineering knowledge not necessarily in depth, but certainly in
understanding.
Engineering economics and costs, of metallurgy, of methods of pipe fabrication
welding and erection
Some knowledge of industrial chemistry and chemical engineering in addition to a
sufficient knowledge of mechanical, civil, electrical and instrument engineering so as
to discuss requirements and problems with specialists in these fields
Co-operative, able to communicate effectively, lead or take part in team work, be alive
to the application of new methods, materials and designs
Awareness of standards, codes and practices
Sufficient broad knowledge of certain conditions that can arise at the early stages of
plant design, where lack of awareness can cause difficulties and even disasters
Fairly good knowledge of structural engineering to avoid machines or equipment
breakdowns, collapse of structures etc.
Good knowledge of safety codes and practices
Drafting procedures and practices
Above all of these piping engineer shall have common sense to select best suitability
from the options available.
25
PD

CRITICAL ROLE OF PIPING ENGINEER
Mechanical engineer whose expertise lies in disciplines, which deal with
planning, design and implementation of various piping systems (including
plumbing system) for broad spectrum of industrial plants.
Major industries like manufacturing, oil and gas, energy, agriculture and
food, residential and commercial construction, chemical, etc which take
the help of Piping Engineering consultants and professionals to implement
the apt piping system for better functioning of their plants.
The piping engineers duties and responsibilities vary depending on the
position in a specific industry.
Piping engineers are expected to have excellent drafting and analytical
skills, in order to ensure that the planned piping projects are documented
and designed well, and built to meet the desired functions.
Are expected to have strong management skills for both supervising the
team and executing specific tasks.
The main responsibility of a piping engineer is to create fundamental
drawings that define the functions of a piping system and to decide what
materials should be used to create them.
They help in choosing the appropriate materials to be used for piping.

26
PD
PIPING WITHIN THE PROJECT SCHEDULE PLAN
Piping is important for every stage of project design, procurement and
construction.
Piping is closely linked to the other project work i.e. equipment, electrical,
instrumentation and civil/ structural engineering.
Piping always leads at every stage of the project because of dependence of
other disciplines to start their design activity and higher volume of piping
design and erection work.
The activity network shows clearly the interrelated activities of piping and
other branches of project, particularly at design stage.
It illustrates the unifying role played by the piping engineer in acting as a
clearing house for data provided from other specialist engineers.
It also indicated the last stage of the project, when piping erection is being
carried out and the difficulties of correcting the design errors without
delaying project completion.
Since the quantum of work involved in piping is very extensive, the design
and erection activities of piping appear on the critical path of this network.
The critical path planning helps in proper allocation and utilization of man-
power for critical activities, thus avoiding uneconomic and wasteful
allocation of resources.

27
PD
ACTIVITY CHART FOR A TYPICAL PROJECT

28
PD
CONCERNS OF A PIPING ENGINEER
Adequacy Piping design must adequate to meet the process
specification and physical conditions in which the plant is to
operate.
Economy Adequate design must achieve at economic cost
within the project budget. Design cost must be minimized by
maximizing the use of standardized methods of detailing and
data presentation.
Clarity Much of the piping data is derived from and used by
other engineering departments and must be clear, consistent
and reliable.
Accuracy Details of piping and material must be complete and
accurate. Rectification of mistakes in these activities at a later
stage may prove to be very costly and can cause delay in
project completion.

29
PD
INPUTS TO PIPING
PFD, P&ID, Process description, Line list, Equipment list.
Site data, True North direction, Plant Survey Dwgs.
Licensor data etc., Clients specific requirements.
Instrument & cable tray width on pipe rack.
Equipment data sheets.
General Civil Dwgs. , Site grading plan, roads, storm sewer
Structural Dwgs. Pipe rack design, Tech. structure Dwgs.
Vendor drawing of package units
Architectural drawings of all process & non-process buildings
Instrument hook-up drawing
Fire protection network design data (HSE)
HVAC ducting layout

30
PD

OUTPUTS FROM PIPING
OVERALL PLOT PLAN
EQUIPMENT LAYOUT
PIPING MATERIAL CLASSES(PMS)
VALVE MATERIAL SPEC. (VMS)
NOZZLE ORIENTATION SKETCHES
VESSEL CLEATS LOCATION SKETCES
GADs PIPE RACK
PIPING LAYOUTS
PIPING ISOMETRIC
SPECIAL SUPPORTS DWGS.
M.T.O. ( LINE WISE & SUMMARY)
FLEXIBILTY ANALYSIS REPORTS
MRS, TQ,TBA,PO (ALL PIPING ITEMS)
INPUTS TO PROCESS,CIVIL /STRUCTURAL, MECH., INST.,ELECT

31
PD

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

FLASH POINT
The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at
which it can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
The flash point is not to be confused with the autoignition
temperature, which does not require an ignition source, the
temperature at which the vapor continues to burn after being ignited.
The flash point is often used as a characteristic of liquid fuel, and it is
also used to help specify the fire hazards of liquids. Flash point
refers to both flammable liquids and combustible liquids.
Liquids with a flash point less than 93 C are considered flammable,
while liquids with a flash point above those temperatures are
considered combustible.










32
PD

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
FLASH POINT
"Flash point" of any petroleum liquid is the lowest temperature at which
the liquid yields vapour in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable
mixture with air and gives a momentary flash on application of a small
pilot
Petroleum products are classified
according to their closed cup FLASH
Class-A Petroleum: Liquids which have flash point below 23
o
C.
Class-B Petroleum: Liquids which have flash point of 23
0
C and above
but below 65
0
C.
Class-C Petroleum: Liquids which have flash point of 65
0
C and above
but below 93
0
C.
Excluded Petroleum: Liquids which have flash point of 93
0
C and above.
Liquefied gases including LPG do not fall under this classification
33
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END OF PRESENTATION
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION
34