Electricity Distribution

System







Jasjit Singh Jolly
EEE-7
th
sem
0311324908
BSES Rajdhani power ltd
BSES: Bombay suburban electricity supply
BRPL distrbutes power to an area spread over
750 km serving over 12.2 lakh customers
spread over 19 districts across south and west
zones of Delhi including Alaknanda, khanpur,
saket, nehru place, vasant vihar etc bses has
invested rs 3500cr in Delhi.

Distribution system layout

The generation generally takes place at
voltages around 3.3kV to around 22kV which
is medium voltage.

The voltage is then stepped up to a level of
110kV or 220 kV (high voltage) or even 400kV
(extra high voltage) depending on the amount
of power to be transmitted .

At distribution stations the power is stepped
down to a voltage of 430/250 V for customers
taking into account the voltage drop in
distribution lines.

In India the power supply to the residential
premises is at 240V,single phase, 50Hz ac. The
three phase supply is at 415V.
Saket D-block substation

Total no. of transformers: 2
Oil immersed step down delta/star transformers
Capacity : 1250kVA
Rated Primary Voltage : 11KV
Secondary Voltage : 416/240V
Input HT lines: 11kV from Malviya Nagar grid
& 11kV from Lado Sarai
Integral part of the ring main distribution system

RMU: Ring Main Unit
RMU panel generally
forms ring system in
which distributor is
supplied from more than
1 feeders as input to RMU
so that in case of failure
from any one feeder,
power can be fed
uninterruptedly from
other feeders at the
same point. Now a days it
is of SF6 gas insulated
type.
Contd
RMU is used for HT side and it has a
total number of 3 switches
(Circuit Breakers or Isolators),
it is used for two inputs
and one outgoing to the load or
one input with two outgoings.
Primarily used for feeding purposes .
Also protects secondary side transformer from the occasional
transient currents.
Electricity supply to consumers
The secondary winding of
the transformer is mostly
of wye connection type.
This supply system with a
neutral wire is termed as 4
wire 3 phase supply.
4 wire supplies are normally
used to distribute domestic
supplies since they can
provide an earthed neutral.
Contd
The three phase wires
together give a 3-phase 3-wire
supply (240x1.73=415Volts)
suitable or heavy machinery
such as 3-phase motors.

Three single phase supplies
are available between each
phase line and the neutral wire.


The three phase single phase 415V supplies are available between
any of the three phases.

Contd
For distribution to consumers either overhead or
underground lines are used.
The underground system is much expensive as
compared to overhead system and is only used in
areas where safety and good appearance are of
prime importance.
For domestic users a phase and a neutral connection
is supplied whereas for those with heavy load
requirements 3 wire connection is supplied.
Faults in distribution lines
Transient Faults: A transient fault is a fault that
is no longer present if power is disconnected
for a short time. For eg - momentary tree or
bird contact.
Persistent Faults: A persistent fault does not
disappear when power is disconnected. Faults
in underground power cables are often
persistent. These occur due to some external
damage.

Contd
Faults can further be classified as symmetric
or asymmetric faults.
Symmetric faults: Equal fault currents in line with
120 deg displacement. Rare in nature. Eg - (L-L-L)
or (L-L-L-G) faults.
Asymmetric faults: Unequal fault currents with
unequal phase displacement. Most likely to occur.
Eg (L-L) or (L-L-G) or (L-G) faults.

Fault detection

To detect the exact location of a high
resistance fault in underground transmission
lines Arc Reflection Method (ARM) is used.

LSG 300 surge generator manufactured by
sebaKMT is use to testing purposes.
Contd
LSG 300 along with a surge
generator and TDR teleflex
helps in detection of the
location of fault.

In a first step, a TDR Teleflex does a low voltage reflection measurement
of the cable, not seeing the high resistive fault. This picture is stored as
reference. In a second step the energy of a surge generator is released
into the faulty cable, passing through the arc stabilising filter LSG 300.
Contd
This surge causes a flashover at
the weak spot in the cable.
Simultaneously, the
LSG 300 triggers the TDR Teleflex .
The TDR can now see the low
resistive arc at the weak spot as a
short-circuit. This picture is stored
as fault-picture and compared
with the previously measured
reference picture. The point of
separation of the two traces is the
fault location and the TDR Teleflex
will indicate the distance to the
fault.
Thank You