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This document summarizes key concepts in welding technology for welding engineers. It discusses phase diagrams and transformations in steels, heat treatment processes, weldability factors like heat input and cooling rate, and types of weld cracking. It also examines concepts like carbon equivalent calculations and preheat requirements to minimize hydrogen-assisted cold cracking in welds.
This document summarizes key concepts in welding technology for welding engineers. It discusses phase diagrams and transformations in steels, heat treatment processes, weldability factors like heat input and cooling rate, and types of weld cracking. It also examines concepts like carbon equivalent calculations and preheat requirements to minimize hydrogen-assisted cold cracking in welds.
This document summarizes key concepts in welding technology for welding engineers. It discusses phase diagrams and transformations in steels, heat treatment processes, weldability factors like heat input and cooling rate, and types of weld cracking. It also examines concepts like carbon equivalent calculations and preheat requirements to minimize hydrogen-assisted cold cracking in welds.
Fe-C Phase diagram Steel is an alloy of Iron and carbon Iron C < 0.02%
Steel 0.02 C 0.21%
Cast iron : 0.21% < C Phase transformation in cooling - I Phase transformation in cooling - II Diffusion of carbon plays an important role in phase transformation
Heat treatment of steels Weldability of steels Welding heat input Energy Input (AWS D1.1), Arc Energy(EN standard)
EI(J/mm) = 60 (EI/v) E(V), I(A), v(mm/min)
6025170/150 1700 (J/mm), 1.7(kJ/mm)
Heat Input
HI(J/mm) = h EI h : Arc thermal efficiency 1.0 for SAW 0.8 for SMAW, GMAW 0.6 for autogenus TIG
Welding cooling rate, cooling time CR( o C/s) at 540 o C
t 8/5 (s): Cooling time between 800 o C and 500 o C
1.7kJ/mm on 20mm thick
7s in t 8/5
Cooling rate, Cooling time Heat input
Plate thickness
Joint shape (Butt-joint, fillet-joint)
Preheat temperature
Prediction of cooling time, t 8/5
JWES IT-Center (http://www-it.jwes.or.jp/index_e.jsp) Microstructure of HAZ Normalizing heat treatment Cooling curve (log-scale) CCT (Low-hardenability) HAZ maximum hardness Prediction of HAZ hardness HAZ hardness Welding conditions
Heat input Plate thickness Preheat temperature t 8/5 Chemical composition of steel C Carbon Equivalent
Carbon equivalent CE IIW = C + Mn/6 + (Cu + Ni)/15 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 CE WES = C + Si/24 + Mn/6 + Ni/40 + Cr/5 + Mo/4 + V/14 Weld cracking Hot cracking (>1200 o C)
Solidification cracking Liquation cracking
Cold cracking (<100 o C) (Hydrogen assisted cracking) Hot cracking Solidification crack Liquation crack Stainless steel, Al Weld metal cracking Segregation of impurities during solidification Phase diagram Residual liquid phase Direction of solidification growth H/W Welding velocity Cold cracks Root crack (HAZ) Toe crack (HAZ) Transverse crack (Weld metal) Under-bead crack (HAZ) Generation and diffusion of hydrogen Generation of hydrogen Hydrogen diffusion in weld Mineral water in flux, Moisture in flux Moisture in atmosphere, Rust, oil, grease in groove Arc H (hydrogen) Effect of preheat on HAZ hydrogen Cause of hydrogen-assisted cold cracking Cold cracking Diffusible hydrogen
Weld metal hydrogen Preheat temperature
Hardness (HAZ, Weld metal)
Steel chemical composition
t8/5 HI, thickness
Tensile residual stress Yield strength of weld metal Notch concentration factor Determination of necessary preheat temperature AWS D1.1 Annex I Hardness control method (CEIIW) C>0.11% Hydrogen control method (Pcm) C<0.11%
BS5135 [EN 1011-2 A] (CEIIW)
CE T method [EN 10110-2 B] (CET)
CE N method (CEN) JWES IT -center (http://www-it.jwes.or.jp/index_e.jsp)
Pc method (Pcm)
Flux type of covered electrode Basic type CaCO 3 CaO + CO 2 lime Decrease of partial pressure of H High basicity Low oxygen in weld metal Low hydrogen