STEERING

CONTENTS:

1 STEERING GEOMETRY
2 STEERING SYSTEM
3 FRONT WHEEL DRIVE
4 REAR WHEEL DRIVE
5 STEERING MECHANISM

















Front and Rear Wheel Drive

Manual Steering
Rack & Pinion housing of a
manual steering system.

Yoke plug is used to
support the rack bar.

Steering gear is a constant
gear ratio type. The pinion
gear is supported by the
two upper and lower ball
bearings

Front Wheel Drive:

In this type of drive, front wheel of the
vehicle is a driven wheel; that means
the power from the engine is transmit
As the engine and driven wheel is
located on the same side of the
vehicle, there is no need for a
propeller shaft in between the engines
and wheelsted to this wheel.
There are three types of Front wheel
Drive layout:
1. Front mid engine Front wheel drive:
In this type of arrangement, the
engine is mounted longitudinally
behind the wheels and transmission
and the differential is located at the
front of the vehicle
2. Front engine Front wheel drive
(Longitudinal mounted engine): In this
type of arrangement, the engine is
mounted longitudinally in front of the
front wheels and the engine is located
ahead of the transmission
3. Front engine Front wheel drive
(Transversely mounted engine): In this
type of arrangement, the engine is
mounted transversely and the
transmission is located below the
engine crankshaft
Rear Wheel Drive Layout:

In this type of drive the engine is
placed at the front and the power
produced by engine is transmitted
to the rear wheel through
transmission, propeller shaft and
axle.
There are four types of Rear wheel
layout:

Front Mid engine Rear wheel drive:
In this type of layout, the engine is
mounted at the front mid and the
power is transmitted to the rear
wheel

Rear Mid engine Rear wheel drive:In
this type of layout, the engine is
mounted at the rear mid and the
power is transmitted to the rear
wheel
Front engine Rear wheel drive: In
this type of layout, the engine is
mounted at the front of the vehicle
and the power is transmitted to the
rear wheel.
Rear engine rear wheel drive:In this
type of layout, the engine is
mounted at the rear of the vehicle
and the power is transmitted to the
rear wheel.

Steering Geometry

Camber:

Caster:

The inward or outward tilt of a wheel
from the vertical, when viewed from
the front of the vehicle, is called as
camber
The tops of wheels of a car, tilt inward
when the camber is negative and
outward when it is positive
The camber is measured in degrees
the wheel suspension is set to provide
slight outward tilt; means positive
camber
Any camber, either positive or
negative, can cause uneven and rapid
tire wear
The caster is defined as a tilt of the
steering axis towards the front or
rear of the vehicle. If the tilt is
towards the front, the wheel has
negative caster and the tilt is
towards the rear, the wheel has
positive caster.
caster is provided in vehicle
because of :
To maintain directional stability and
control.
To reduce steering effort.
To increase steering return ability
CASTER AND CAMBER:
TOE AND INCLINATION
Toe:
Steering-axis inclination :

Toe is the measurement of how
much the wheels point in or out
from the straight-ahead position
The measurement of toe is to be
done in millimeters, inches or
degrees.
the wheels point inward is toe in, at
this time toe is positive
the wheels point outward is toe-out,
at this time toe is negative.

It is defined as the inclination of the
ball joint axis from the vertical. SAI
is not adjustable. It would change
only; if the wheel spindle or steering
knuckle is bent
SAI helps the straight ahead
recovery and providing directional
stability

TOE AND SAI:
Scrub radius or Steering
offset:

1. It is the distance between the
steering axis and the tire contact
area center line at their
intersection with the road
surface
2. If king pin inclination center line
and wheel center line meets on
the same point, it is called zero
scrub radius
3. If king pin inclination center line
is outside from the wheel center
line, it is called negative scrub
radius

Steering Gear Mechanism :









Rack and Pinion Steering
gear
Worm and Sector steering
gear
Worm and Roller steering
gear
Cam and Lever steering
gear
Worm and Nut steering
gear



New Technologies and Innovations in the
Steering System:

Many new innovations in steering system are available today that
gives best possible directional stability to the cars with extreme
comfort levels. Some of the improvements include; 4-wheel
steering which assists in steering all the four wheels of the car.
This helps in maneuvering the car at high speeds. Some of the
cars today, also include a system known as speed sensitive
steering, which uses a concept that during high speed steering
requirements are less and as such the power assistance is
reduced. It is increased during low speeds as more steering effort
is needed. Future developments in the steering system are being
done and experts have come up with an idea of steer-by-wire
mechanism in which the steering will be achieved completely
using electronics. The main aim of the system, is to eliminate the
complex system of linkages and joints giving more space for
engine and interior designing aspects.

Kingpin (automotive part)

The kingpin is set at an
angle relative to the
true vertical line, as
viewed from the front
or back of the vehicle.
This is the kingpin
inclination or KPI (also
called steering axis
inclination, or SAI).SAI
is non-adjustable,
since it would change
only if the wheel
spindle or steering
knuckles are bent.
Ackerman Steering Geometry
The Ackerman Steering Principle defines
the geometry that is applied to all
vehicles (two or four wheel drive) to
enable the correct turning angle of the
steering wheels to be generated when
negotiating a corner or a curve.
The intention of Ackermann geometry is
to avoid the need for tyres to slip
sideways when following the path around
a curve


Rack and Pinion Steering

1. The system consists of a pinion attached
to the steering shaft, which meshes with
the flat rack on the drag line
2. Pinion imparts left or right motion to the
rack, which causes the tie rods to move
the road wheels consequently
3. This mechanism is usually adopted
universally in all the cars that are
available today with some major
improvements.

Steering gear mechanism
steering gear mechanism
Worm and Sector steering gear

Worm and Roller steering gear
In this type of steering mechanism,
worm is connected at the end of
steering shaft and sector is mounted
on a sector shaft
The sector looks like a ball and
worm looks like a gear.
The teeth of the worm mesh with
the teeth of the sector
To provide free play, worm is
mounted on a bearing. It is also
known as Pitman arm shaft
Worm and roller is similar to the
worm and sector type of steering
mechanism
A toothed roller is mounted on a
roller shaft and worm gear is
mounted on a steering shaft
Gear tooth of worm gear meshes
with that of the roller and motion is
transmitted.
. This mechanism has low friction
compared to Worm and Sector
mechanism and is widely used on
American passenger cars.

Steering Gear Mechanism
Cam and lever is similar to the worm and sector gear mechanism
The worm is replaced with cam and sector is replaced with a lever.
Cam is engaged by a bearing and lever, carries two studs that are mounted
on bearing
As the driver turns the steering wheel, studs move up and down on the cam
so lever and pitman arm shaft rotates.

Cam and Lever steering gear:




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