Finite Element Method: Fem For Heat Transfer Problems

1
Finite Element Method

FEM FOR HEAT
TRANSFER PROBLEMS
for readers of all backgrounds
G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
CHAPTER 12:
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
2
CONTENTS
FIELD PROBLEMS
WEIGHTED RESIDUAL APPROACH
FOR FEM
1D HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS
2D HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS
SUMMARY
CASE STUDY

3
FIELD PROBLEMS
General form of system equations of 2D linear
steady state field problems:
2 2
2 2
0
x y
D D g Q
x y
| |
|
c c
+ + =
c c
(Helmholtz equation)
For 1D problems:
2
2
0
d
D g Q
dx
|
| + =
4
FIELD PROBLEMS
Heat transfer in 2D fin

x
z
y
t
|
f

Heat convection
on the surface
|
f

|
f

|
f

|
f

t
2 2
2 2
Heat supply
Heat convectction
Heat conduction
2
2
( ) ( )
f
x y
h
h
D D q
x y t t
|
| |
|
c c
+ + =
c c
2
2
,
f
h
h
g Q q
t t
|
= = +
Note:
5
FIELD PROBLEMS
Heat transfer in long 2D body

x
z
y
Representative plane
t=1
2 2
2 2
Heat supply
Heat conduction
0
x y
k k q
x y
| | c c
+ + =
c c
Note:
D
x
= k
x
, Dy =tk
y
,
g = 0 and Q = q
6
FIELD PROBLEMS
Heat transfer in 1D fin

0
x
P
A
2
2
Heat supply
Heat convectoin
Heat conduction
0
f
d
kA hP hP q
dx
|
| | + + =
Note:
, ,
f
D kA g hP Q q hP| = = = +
7
FIELD PROBLEMS
Heat transfer across composite wall

x
y
Heat convection
Heat convection
2
2
Heat supply
Heat conduction
0
d
kA q
dx
|
+ =
Note:
, 0, D kA g Q q = = =
8
FIELD PROBLEMS
Torsional deformation of bar
2 2
2 2
1 1
2 0
G x G y
| |
u
c c
+ + =
c c
Note:
D
x
=1/G, D
y
=1/G, g=0, Q=2u
Ideal irrotational fluid flow
2 2
2 2
0
x y
c c
+ =
c c
2 2
2 2
0
x y
| | c c
+ =
c c
Note:
D
x
= D
y
= 1, g = Q = 0
(| - stress function)
( - streamline function
and | - potential function)
9
FIELD PROBLEMS
Accoustic problems
2 2 2
2 2 2
0
P P w
P
x y c
c c
+ + =
c c
Note:
2
2
w
g
c
= , D
x
= D
y
= 1, Q = 0
P - the pressure above the
ambient pressure ;
w - wave frequency ;
c - wave velocity in the
medium
10
WEIGHTED RESIDUAL
APPROACH FOR FEM
Establishing FE equations based on governing
equations without knowing the functional.
2 2
2 2
0
x y
D D g Q
x y
| |
|
c c
+ + =
c c
( ( , )) 0 f x y | =
( ( , ))d d 0
A
Wf x y x y | =
}
Approximate solution:
Weight function
(Strong form)
(Weak form)
11
WEIGHTED RESIDUAL
APPROACH FOR FEM

I
O
1
2
3
Discretize into smaller elements to ensure better
approximation
In each element,

Using N as the weight functions
( )
( , ) ( , )
h e
x y x y | = N
where
1 1
d
n
N N N
(
=

N
Galerkin method
( )
( ( , ))d d
e
e T
A
f x y x y | =
}
R N
Residuals are then assembled
for all elements and enforced
to zero.
12
1D HEAT TRANSFER
PROBLEM
1D fin
2
2
Heat supply
Heat convectoin
Heat conduction
0
f
d
kA hP hP q
dx
|
| | + + =
( )
0
0 | | =
(Specified boundary condition)
( )
f b
hA
dx
d
kA | |
|
=
(Convective heat loss at free end)
k : thermal conductivity
h : convection coefficient
A : cross-sectional area of the fin
P : perimeter of the fin
| : temperature, and
|
f
: ambient temperature in the fluid

0
x
13
1D fin

1 2
(i)
i j
(1)
x
x
i
x
j

(i)
0
0
x
(n)
n+1
( )
2
2
2
2
d
j
i
j j
i i
h
x
e T h
x
h
x x
T T h
x x
d
D g Q x
dx
d
D Q dx g dx
dx
|
|
|
|
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= + +
|
\ .
}
} }
R N
N N
Using Galerkin approach,
where
D = kA, g = hP, and Q = hP|
14
1D fin
Integration by parts of first term
on right-hand side,
( )
d d d
j
j j j
i i i
i
x
h T h
x x x
e T T T h
x x x
x
d d d
D D x Q x g x
dx dx dx
| |
| = + +
} } }
N
R N N N
( )
( ) ( )
h e
x x | = N Using
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d d d
( d )
d d d
( d ) ( d )
j
j
i
i
e e
D
j j
i i
e e
g Q
x
h T
x
e e
T
x
x
x x
e T T
x x
D D x
x x x
Q x g x
|
= +
+
}
} }
k b
k f
N N
R N
N N N
15
1D fin
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
e e
e e e e
D g Q
= + + R b k k f
where
( )
d d
d d
d d
j j
i i
T
x x
e T
D
x x
D x D x
x x
= =
} }
N N
k B B
( )
d
j
i
x
e T
g
x
g x =
}
k N N
( )
d
j
i
x
e T
Q
x
Q x =
}
f N
( )
d
d
j
i
x
h
e T
x
D
x
|
= b N
(Thermal conduction)
(Thermal convection)
(External heat supplied)
(Temperature gradient
at two ends of element)
d
dx
=
N
B
(Strain matrix)
16
1D fin
For linear elements,
( )
j
i
i j
x x
x x
x N N
l l
(
( = =
(

N
(Recall 1D truss element)
d d 1 1
d d
j
i
x x
x x
x x l l l l
(
(
= = =
(
(

N
B
Therefore,
( )
1
1 1
1 1
d
1 1 1
j
i
x
e
D
x
kA
l
D x
l l l
l
(
(

(
(
= =
(
(
(

(
(

}
k
(Recall stiffness
matrix of truss
element)
AE
l
for truss element
17
1D fin
( )
2 1
d
1 2 6
j
i
j
x
j e
i
g
x
i
x x
x x
x x hPl
l
g x
l l x x
l
(
(

( (
( = =
( (
(
(

}
k
(Recall mass
matrix of truss
element)
A l for truss element
( )
Heat supply
Heat convection
1 1
d ( )
1 1 2 2
j
i
j
x
e
Q f
x
i
x x
Ql l
l
Q x q hP
x x
l
|
(
(

( = = = +
` `
( ) )
(

}
f
18
1D fin
( ) ( )
( )
d
0
d
d
d
d d
d d
d
0
d
j
i
i
i
j
j
e e
L R
x
x x
e T
x x
x
x x
x x
kA
x
kA
x
D
kA
x
x kA
x
|
|
|
|
|
=
=
=
=

= = = +
` ` `
) )

)
b b
b N
( ) ( ) ( ) e e e
L R
= + b b b
or
(Left end) (Right end)

i
1
(n)
i i+1
(n
1)
i
1
i (n
1)
d
d
i
x x
D
x
|
=

1
d
d
i
x x
D
x
|
=

i
i+1 (n)
1
d
d
i
x x
D
x
|
+
=

d
d
i
x x
D
x
|
=

0
At the internal nodes of the fin, b
L
(e)
and b
L
(e)
vanish upon assembly.
At boundaries, where temperature is
prescribed, no need to calculate b
L
(e)
or b
L
(e)
first.

19
1D fin
When there is heat convection at
boundary,
( )
f b
hA
dx
d
kA | |
|
=
( )
( )
0
0 0
e
R
j f
b f
hA hA
hA
| |
| |

= =
` ` `
) )
)
b
E.g.
Since |
b
is the temperature of the fin at the boundary point,
|
b
= |
j

Therefore,
( )
( )
( )
0
0 0
0
e
e
M
s
i
e
R
j f
hA
hA
|
| |

(
=
` `
(

) )
k
f
b
20
1D fin
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) e e e e
R M s
= b k f
where
( )
0 0
0
e
M
hA
(
=
(

k ,
( )
0
e
s
f
hA|

=
`
)
f
For convection on left side,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) e e e e
L M s
= b k f
where
( )
0
0 0
e
M
hA
(
=
(

k ,
( )
0
f e
s
hA|

=
`
)
f
21
1D fin
Therefore,
( ) ( )
{ }
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
e
e
e e
e e e e e
D g M Q S
= + + +
k
f
R k k k f f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
e e
e e
= R k f
Residuals are assembled for all elements
and enforced to zero: KD = F
Same form for static mechanics problem
22
1D fin
Direct assembly procedure
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
e e
e e
= R k f
or
1 11 12 1 1
2 21 22 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
e e e e e
e e e e e
R k k f
R k k f
|
|
(

=
( ` ` `
(
) ) )

(1) (2)
1
2
3
|
1
|
2
|
3

Element 1:
1 11 1 12 1
(1) (1) (1) (1)
2
R k k f | | = +
2 21 1 22 2
(1) (1) (1) (1)
2
R k k f | | = +
23
1D fin
Direct assembly procedure (Contd)
Element 2:
1 11 12 1
(2) (2) (2) (2)
2 3
R k k f | | = +
2 21 22 2
(2) (2) (2) (2)
2 3
R k k f | | = +
1 11 1 12 1
(1) (1) (1) (1)
2
0: 0 R k k f | | = + =
Considering all contributions to a node, and enforcing to zero
(Node 1)
2 21 1 22 11 12 2 1
(1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (2)
1 2 3
0: ( ) ( ) 0 R R k k k k f f | | | + = + + + + =
(Node 2)
2 21 2 22
(2) (2) (2) (2)
3 2
0: 0 R k k f | | = + = (Node 3)
24
1D fin
Direct assembly procedure (Contd)
In matrix form:
11 12 1 1
21 22 11 12 2 1
21 22 2
(1) (1) (1)
(1) (1) (2) (2) (1) (2)
2
(2) (2) (2)
3
0
0
k k f
k k k k f f
k k f
|
|
|
(
(
+ = +
` `
(

(
) )
(Note: same as assembly
introduced before)
25
1D fin
Worked example: Heat transfer in 1D fin

1 2 3 4 5
8 cm
(1) (2) (3) (4)
0.4 cm
1 cm
C cm
W
k
0
3
=
C cm
W
h
0 2
1 . 0
= C
f
0
20 = |
80 C
Calculate temperature
distribution using FEM.
4 linear elements, 5 nodes
26
1D fin

1 2 3 4 5
8 cm
(1) (2) (3) (4)
0.4 cm
1 cm
C cm
W
k
0
3
=
C cm
W
h
0 2
1 . 0
= C
f
0
20 = |
80 C
Element 1, 2, 3:
( ) e
M
k
,
( ) e
S
f not required
Element 4:
( ) e
M
k
,
( ) e
S
f
required
( )
0
3 0.4
0.6
2
kA W
l C
= =
( )
0
0.1 2.8 2
0.093
6 6
hPl W
C
= =
( )
0
0.1 0.4 0.04
W
hA
C
= =
( )( )( )
0.1 2.8 20 2
5.6
2 2
f
hPl
W
|
= =
( )( )
0.1 0.4 20 0.8
f
hA W | = =
27
1D fin
For element 1, 2, 3
( )
1 1 2 1
1 1 1 2 6
e
kA hPl
l

( (
= +
( (

k
( )
1
1 2
e f
hPL|

=
`
)
f
( ) 1,2,3
0.786 0.507
0.507 0.786
(
=
(

k
( ) 1,2,3
5.6
5.6

=
`
)
f
For element 4
( )
1 1 2 1 0 0
1 1 1 2 0 6
e
kA hPL
hA L

( ( (
= + +
( ( (

k
( )
0
1
1 2
e f
f
hPL
hA
|
|

= +
` `
)
)
f
( ) 4
0.786 0.507
0.507 0.826
(
=
(

k
( ) 4
5.6
6.4

=
`
)
f
( ) ( ) ( )
e
e e
D g
= + k k k
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
e
e e e
D g M
= + + k k k k
( ) ( )
e
e
Q
= f f
,
,
( ) ( ) ( )
e
e e
Q S
= + f f f
28
1D fin
*
1
2
3
4
5
0.786 0.507 0 0 0 5.6
0.507 1.572 0.507 0 0 11.2
0
0 0.507 1.572 0.507 0 11.2 0
0 0 0.507 1.572 0.507 11.2 0
0 0 0 0.507 0.826 6.4
0
Q
|
|
|
|
|
(
(

(

( = +
` ` `
(

(

(

) ) )
Heat source
(Still
unknown)
*
1
2
3
4
5
80 0.786 0.507 0 0 0 5.6
0.507 1.572 0.507 0 0 11.2 80 0.507
0 0.507 1.572 0.507 0 11.2
0 0 0.507 1.572 0.507 11.2
0 0 0 0.507 0.826 6.4
Q
|
|
|
|
|
= + (
(
+
(

( =
` `
(

(

(

) )

|
1
= 80, four unknowns eliminate Q
*

Solving:
{80.0 42.0 28.2 23.3 22.1}
T
=
29
Composite wall

(1) (2) (3)
x
y
2
2
Heat supply
Heat conduction
0
d
kA q
dx
|
+ =
( )
f b
hA
dx
d
kA | |
|
=
( )
f b
hA
dx
d
kA | |
|
=
Convective boundary:
at x = 0
at x = H
All equations for 1D fin still
applies except
( ) e
G
k
and
( ) e
Q
f
Therefore,
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
e e
M
kA
l

(
= +
(

k k
,
( ) ( ) e e
S
= f f
vanish.
Recall: Only for heat
convection
30
Composite wall
Worked example: Heat transfer through composite
wall
5 cm 2
C
f
0
5 = |

C cm
W
k
0
06 . 0
=
C
0
20 = |
C cm
W
k
0
2 . 0
=
C cm
W
h
0 2
1 . 0
=
(1) (2)
1
2 3
Calculate the temperature
distribution across the
wall using the FEM.
2 linear elements, 3 nodes
31
Composite wall

5 cm 2
C
f
0
5 = |

C cm
W
k
0
06 . 0
=
C
0
20 = |
C cm
W
k
0
2 . 0
=
C cm
W
h
0 2
1 . 0
=
(1) (2)
1
2 3
For element 1,
( )
C
W
L
kA
0
1 . 0
2
1 2 . 0
= =
( )
C
W
hA
0
1 . 0 1 1 . 0 = =
( )( ) W hA
f
5 . 0 5 1 1 . 0 = = |
( ) 1
0.2 0.1
0.1 0.1
(
=
(

k
( ) 1
0.5
0
S

=
`
)
f
( )
1 1 0 0
1 1 0
e
kA
hA L

( (
= +
( (

k
( ) ( )
0
f e e
s
hA|

= =
`
)
f f
32
Composite wall

5 cm 2
C
f
0
5 = |

C cm
W
k
0
06 . 0
=
C
0
20 = |
C cm
W
k
0
2 . 0
=
C cm
W
h
0 2
1 . 0
=
(1) (2)
1
2 3
For element 2,
( )
0
0.06 1
0.012
5
kA W
L C
= =
( )
1 1
1 1
e
kA
L

(
=
(

k
( ) 2
0.012 0.012
0.012 0.012
(
=
(

k
Upon assembly,
1
2
3
0.20 0.10 0 0.5 0
0.10 0.112 0.012 0 0
0 0.012 0.012 ( 20) 0 Q
|
|
|
-

(

(
= +
` ` `
(

( =
) ) )
(Unknown but
required to balance
equations)
33
Composite wall
1
2
0.20 0.10 0.5
0.10 0.112 0.24( 20 0.012)
|
|

(
=
` `
(
=
) )
Solving:
{ }
2.5806 0.1613 20
T
=
34
Composite wall
Worked example: Heat transfer through thin film
layers

Raw material
0.2 mm
h =0.01 W/cm
2
/

C |
f
= 150

C
0.2mm
Heater
k =0.1 W/cm/

C 2mm Glass
Iron

Platinum

k =0.5 W/cm/

C
k =0.4 W/cm/

C
Substrate
Plasma

-

-

-

-
1
2
3
4
(1)
(2)
(3)

300C
35
Composite wall

-

-

-

-
1
2
3
4
(1)
(2)
(3)

For element 1,
( )( )
0
0.1 1
0.5
0.2
kA W
L C
= =
( ) 1
0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5
(
=
(

k
( )
1 1
1 1
e
kA
L

(
=
(

k
For element 2,
( )( )
0
0.5 1
25
0.02
kA W
L C
= =
( )
1 1
1 1
e
kA
L

(
=
(

k
( ) 2
25 25
25 25
(
=
(

k
36
Composite wall
For element 3,
( )
0
0.4 1
20
0.02
kA W
L C
= =
( )
0
0.01 1 0.01
W
hA
C
= =
( )( )
0.01 1 150 1.5
f
hA W | = =
( ) 3
20 20
20 20.01
(
=
(

k
( ) 3
0
1.5
S

=
`
)
f
( )
1 1 0 0
1 1 0
e
kA
hA L

( (
= +
( (

k
( ) ( )
0
e e
s
f
hA|

= =
`
)
f f
37
Composite wall
*
1
2
3
4
0.5 0.5 0 0
0.5 25.5 25 0
0
0 25 45 20
0
0 0 20 20.01
1.5
Q
|
|
|
|
(
(

(
=
` `
(

(

) )
2
3
4
25.5 25 0 150
25 45 20 0
0 20 20.01 1.5
T
T
T
(

(
=
` `
(

(
) )
Since, |
1
= 300C,
Solving:
| |
300.0 297.1 297.0 296.9
T
=
* 2
0.5 300 0.5 297.1 1.45 W/cm Q = =
38
2D HEAT TRANSFER
PROBLEM
Element equations
2 2
2 2
0
x y
D D g Q
x y
| |
|
c c
+ + =
c c

I
O
1
2
3
For one element,
2 2
( )
2 2
( )d
e
h h
e T h
x y
A
D D g Q A
x y
| |
|
c c
= + +
c c
}
R N
Note: W = N : Galerkin approach
39
Element equations
(Need to use Gausss
divergence theorem to
evaluate integral in residual.)
2 2
( )
2 2
( )d
e
h h
e T h
x y
A
D D g Q A
x y
| |
|
c c
= + +
c c
}
R N
2
2
T
T T
x x x x x
| | | c c c c c
| |
= +
|
c c c c c
\ .
N
N N
2
2 2
d ( )d d
e e e
T
T T
x x x
A A A
D A D A D A
x x x x x
| | | c c c c c
= +
c c c c c
} } }
N
N N
Therefore,
( )d cos d
e e
T T
A
A
x x x
| |
u
I
c c c
= I
c c c
} }
N N
Gausss divergence
theorem:
2
2
d cos d d
e
T
T T
x x x
A A
D A D D A
x x x x
| | |
u
I
c c c c
= I +
c c c c
} } }
N
N N
(Product rule of differentiation)
40
Element equations
2
nd
integral:
2
2
d sin d d
e
T
T T
y y y
A A
D A D D A
y y y y
| | |
u
I
c c c c
= I+
c c c c
} } }
N
N N
( )
cos sin d
e
h h
e T
x y
D D
x y
| |
u u
I
| | c c
= + I
|
c c
\ .
}
R N
d
e
T h T h
x y
A
D D A
x x y y
| | | | c c c c
+ +
|
c c c c
\ .
}
N N
d d
e e
T h T
A A
g A Q A | +
} }
N N
Therefore,
41
Element equations
( )
( ) ( )
h e
x x | = N
( )
( )
cos sin d
e
e
h h
e T
x y
D D
x y
| |
u u
I
| | c c
= + I
|
c c
\ .
}
b
R N
( )
( )
d
e
e
D
T T
e
x y
A
D D A
x x y y
| |
| | c c c c
+ +
|
|
c c c c
\ .
\ .
}
k
N N N N
( ) ( )
( )
( d ) d
e e
e e
g Q
T e T
A A
g A Q A +
} }
k f
N N N
42
Element equations
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
e e e e e e
D g Q
= + + R b k k f
where
( )
cos sin d
e
h h
e T
x y
D D
x y
| |
u u
I
| | c c
= + I
|
c c
\ .
}
b N
( )
d
e
T T
e
D x y
A
D D A
x x y y
| | c c c c
= +
|
c c c c
\ .
}
N N N N
k
( )
d
e
e T
g
A
g A =
}
k N N
( )
d
e
e T
Q
A
Q A =
}
f N
43
Element equations
( )
d
e
T T
e
D x y
A
D D A
x x y y
| | c c c c
= +
|
c c c c
\ .
}
N N N N
k
0
0
x
y
D
D
(
=
(

D Define
( ) ( ) e e
x x
y y
|
|
|
c c
(
(
c c
( V = = =
`
c c
(

(
c c
)
N
B
N
,
1 2
1 2
d
d
n
n
N
N N
x x x x
N
N N
y
y y y
c
(
c c c
(
(
(
c c c c
(
( = =
c c
( c c
(
(
(
c
c c c

N
B
N
(Strain matrix)
T T
T
x y
D D
x x y y
c c c c
= +
c c c c
N N N N
B DB
( )
d
e
e T
D
A
A =
}
k B DB
44
Triangular elements
1
( ) ( )
1 2 3 2
3
[ ]
e e
N N N
|
| |
|

= =
`

)
N

x, |
y, |
1 (x
1
, y
1
)
|
1

2 (x
2
, y
2
)
|
2

3 (x
3
, y
3
)
|
3

A
e

i i i i
N a b x c y = + +
1
( )
2
1
( )
2
1
( )
2
i j k k j
e
i j k
e
i k j
e
a x y x y
A
b y y
A
c x x
A
=
=
=
( )
d d
e e
e T T T
D e
A A
A A A = = =
} }
k B DB B DB B DB
2 2
( ) 2 2
2 2
4 4
i i j i k i i j i k
y e
x
D i j j j k i j j j k
i k j k k i k j k k
b bb bb c c c c c
D
D
bb b b b c c c c c
A A
bb b b b c c c c c
( (
( (
= +
( (
( (

k
Note: constant strain matrix
(Or N
i
= L
i
)
45
Triangular elements
1
( )
2 1 2 3
3
2
1 1 2 1 3
2
1 2 2 2 3
2
1 3 2 3 3
d [ ]d
d
e e
e
e T
g
A A
A
N
g A g N N N N A
N
N N N N N
g N N N N N A
N N N N N

= =
`

)
(
(
=
(
(

} }
}
k N N
A
p n m
p n m
A L L L
p n
A
m
2
)! 2 (
! ! !
d
3 2 1
+ + +
=
}
Note:
(Area coordinates)
E.g.
1 1 0
1 2 1 2 3
1!1!0! 1
d d 2 2
(1 1 0 2)! 4 3 2 1 12
e e
A A
A
N N A L L L A A A = = = =
+ + +
} }
( )
2 1 1
1 2 1
12
1 1 2
e
g
gA
(
(
=
(
(

k
Therefore,
46
Triangular elements
1
( )
2
3
1
d 1
3
1
e e e
i
e T
Q j
A A A
k
N L
QA
Q A Q N A Q L A
N L

= = = =
` ` `

) ) )
} } }
f N d d
Similarly,
Note: b
(e)
will be discussed later
47
Rectangular elements
1
2 ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
3
4
[ ]
e e
N N N N
|
|
|
|
|

= =
`

)
N

x
y
1 (x
1
, y
1
)

2 (x
2
, y
2
)

3 (x
3
, y
3
)

2a
4 (x
4
, y
4
)

2b
q

1 (1, 1)

2 (1, 1)

3 (1, +1)

2a
4 (1, +1)

2b
q

) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 )( 1 (
) 1 )( 1 (
4
1
4
4
1
3
4
1
2
4
1
1
q
q
q
q
+ =
+ + =
+ =
=
N
N
N
N
, b y a x = = q
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
a a a a
b b b b
a a a a b b b b
q q q q

q q q q
+ +

+ +

+ + + +

(
(
=
(
(

B
48
1 1
( )
1 1
d d d
2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1
1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 6 6
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2
e
e T T
D
A
y
x
A ab
D a
D b
a b
q
+ +

= =

( (
( (

( (
= +
( (
( (

} } }
k B DB B DB
1 1
( )
1 1
2
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
2
1 2 2 2 3 2 3
2
1 3 2 3 3 3 4
2
1 4 2 4 3 4 4
d d d
d d
e
e
e T T
g
A
A
g A abg
N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N
abg
N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N
q
q
+ +

= =
(
(
(
=
(
(
(

} } }
}
k N N N N
( )
4 2 1 2
2 4 2 1
1 2 4 2 36
2 1 2 4
e
g
gA
(
(
(
=
(
(

k
49
1
2 ( )
3
4
1
1
d
1 4
1
e e
e T
Q
A A
N
N
QA
Q A Q A
N
N

= = =
` `

) )
} }
f N d
Note: In practice, the integrals are
usually evaluated using the Gauss
integration scheme
50
Boundary conditions and vector b
(e)

( ) ( ) ( ) e e e
I B
= + b b b
Internal Boundary

i
j
k
p
m
1
2
3
n
q
r
(2)
I
b

(2)
I
b

(3)
B
b

(3)
I
b

Vanishing of b
I
(e)

b
B
(e)
needs to be
evaluated at boundary

51
(e)

I
1
I
2
Essential boundary
| is known

Natural boundary:
the derivatives of | is known

u
n
x
u
n
x
Need not
evaluate
( ) e
B
b
Need to be
concern with
b
B
(e)

52
(e)
( )
cos sin d
e
h h
e T
x y
D D
x y
| |
u u
I
| | c c
= + I
|
c c
\ .
}
b N
cos sin
h h
x y b
D D M S
x y
| |
u u |
c c
+ = +
c c
on natural
boundary I
2

cos sin
h h h
x y b
D D k M S
x y n
| | |
u u |
c c c
+ = = +
c c c
Heat flux across boundary

I
1
I
2
Essential boundary
| is known

Natural boundary:
the derivatives of | is known

u
n
x
u
n
x
53
(e)
Insulated boundary:
M = S = 0
( )
0
e
B
= b
Convective boundary condition:
q
c
n c
c|

n

( )
k
h b f
q k
n
q h
|
| |
c
=

c
`
=
)

f b
h h
n
k | |
|
+ =
c
c

|
M
|
S
k
q k
n
| c
=
c
( )
h b f
q h | | =
b f
M
S
k h h
n
|
| |
c
= +
c
,
f
M h S h| = =
54
(e)
Specified heat flux on boundary:

n c
c|

n

k
s
q k
n
q
| c
=

c
`
)
s
k q
n
| c
=
c

q
k
q
s
M=0
S=q
s
0
b s
M
S
k q
n
|
|
c
=
c
0,
s
M S q = =
Positive if heat flows into the boundary
Negative if heat flows out off the boundary
0 insulated
S


55
(e)
For other cases whereby M, S = 0
2
2
( )
cos sin d
( + )d
h h
e T
B x y
T
b
D D
x y
M S
| |
u u
|
I
I
| | c c
= + I
|
c c
\ .
= I
}
}
b N
N
( ) e
b
| = N
2
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( + )d
( d ) d
e e
M B
e T e
B
T e T
M S
M S
I
I I
= I
= I I
}
} }
b N N
N N N
k f
56
(e)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) e e e e
B M S
= b k f
where
2
( )
d
e T
M
M
I
= I
}
k N N
,
2
( )
d
e T
S
S
I
= I
}
f N

x
y
1 (x
1
, y
1
)

2 (x
2
, y
2
)

3 (x
3
, y
3
)

2a
4 (x
4
, y
4
)

2b
q

For a rectangular element,
1 2
1
1
2 ( )
1
3
4
d
e T
S
N
N
S d S a
N
N
I

= I =
`

)
} }
f N
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1 1
1 1
d
0 2 0
0 0
e
S
Sa
Sa

+

= =
` `

) )
}
f
(Equal sharing between nodes 1
and 2)
57
(e)
Equal sharing valid for all elements with
linear shape functions
( )
,2 3
0
1
1
0
e
S
Sb

=
`

)
f
( )
,3 4
0
0
1
1
e
S
Sa

=
`

)
f
( )
,1 4
1
0
0
1
e
S
Sb

=
`

)
f

x, |
y, |
1 (x
1
, y
1
)
|
1

2 (x
2
, y
2
)
|
2

3 (x
3
, y
3
)
|
3

A
e

Applies to triangular
elements too
( )
12
,1 2
1
1
2
0
e
S
SL

=
`

)
f
( )
23
,2 3
0
1
2
1
e
S
SL

=
`

)
f
( )
13
,1 3
1
0
2
1
e
S
SL

=
`

)
f
58
(e)
( ) e
M
k
for rectangular element
2
2
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
2
( ) 1 2 2 2 3 2 4
2
1 3 2 3 3 3 4
2
1 4 2 4 3 4 4
d
e
M
N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N
M
N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N
I
(
(
(
= I
(
(
(

}
k
2
1 1 2
2
1
( ) 2 1 2
,1 2
1
0 0
0 0
d
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
e
M
N N N
N N N
aM

(
(
(
=
(
(
(

}
k
59
(e)
( )
2
1 1
2
1
1 1
1
2
d d
4 3
N

= =
} }
( )( )
1 1
1 2
1 1
1 1
2
d d
4 6
N N

+
= =
} }
( )
2
1 1
2
2
1 1
1
2
d d
4 3
N

+
= =
} }
( )
,1 2
2 1
6 6
1 2
6 6
2 1 0 0
1 2 0 0
2
0 0 0 0 6
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
(2 )
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
e
M
aM
aM
(
(
(
=
(
(

(
(
(
=
(
(
(

k
Shared in ratio 2/6, 1/6, 1/6, 2/6
( )
,2 3
0 0 0 0
0 2 1 0
2
0 1 2 0 6
0 0 0 0
e
M
M b
(
(
(
=
(
(

k
( )
,3 4
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2
0 0 2 1 6
0 0 1 2
e
M
M a
(
(
(
=
(
(

k
( )
,1 4
2 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
2
0 0 0 0 6
1 0 0 2
e
M
M b
(
(
(
=
(
(

k
60
(e)
Similar for triangular elements
( )
,
2 1 0
1 2 0
6
0 0 0
ij e
M i j
ML
(
(
=
(
(

k
( )
,
0 0 0
0 2 1
6
0 1 2
jk e
M j k
ML
(
(
=
(
(

k
( )
,
2 0 1
0 0 0
6
1 0 2
e
ik
M i k
ML
(
(
=
(
(

k
61
Point heat source or sink
Preferably place node at
source or sink
Q
*
i
j
k
{ }
1
2
*

F
f
f
j Q
+

`

)

62
Point heat source or sink within the element
( )
d
e
e T
Q
A
Q A =
}
f N

(X
0
, Y
0
)
Q
*
i
j
k
x
y
( ) ( )
0 0
Y y X x Q Q =
-
o o
(Delta function)
( ) ( )
( )
0 0
d d
e
i
e
Q j
A
k
N
Q N x X y Y x y
N
o o
-

=
`

)
}
f
Point source/sink
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0
0 0
0 0
,
,
,
i
e
Q j
k
N X Y
Q N X Y
N X Y
-

=
`

)
f
63
SUMMARY

2 2
2 2
2 2
0
f x
y
h h k t
k
y
t
x
D D g Q
x y
|
| |
|
c c
+ + =
c c

0
2
2
2
2
= +
c
c
+
c
c
Q G
y
D
x
D
y x
|
| |

*
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ] ( )
e
e
e e e e e e e e e
D g M Q S
Q
= + + + + +
k
f
R b k k k f f f

( )
cos sin d
h
f
h
b
M S
e T
x y
D D
x y
|
|
| |
u u
+
I
| | c c
= + I
|
c c
\ .
}
b N

y
u
n
x
Source
and sink
Only for elements on the
derivative boundary
64
CASE STUDY

6 cm
2 cm
4 cm
Heating cables
Representative section
to be analyzed
Insulation
|
f
=6
0
C
Road surface heated by heating cables under road surface
65
CASE STUDY
Heat convection
M=h=0.0034
S=|
f
h=-0.017
Repetitive
boundary no
heat flow across
M=0, S=0
Repetitive
boundary no
heat flow across
M=0, S=0
Insulated
M=0, S=0
f
Q*

66
CASE STUDY
Node

Temperature
(C)

1

5.861

2

5.832

3

5.764

4

5.697

5

5.669

Surface temperatures:

Finite Element Method: Fem For Heat Transfer Problems

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Finite Element Method: Fem For Heat Transfer Problems

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Finite Element Method

Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek

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