Motion

In physics, motion is a change in position of

an object with respect to time and its
reference point. Motion is typically described
in terms
of displacement, direction, velocity, accelerati
on, and time.
[1]
Motion is observed by
attaching a frame of reference to a body and
measuring its change in position relative to
that frame.
Motion
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If the position of a body is not changing with the
time with respect to a given frame of reference
the body is said to be at
rest,motionless, immobile, stationary, or to have
constant (time-invariant) position. An object's
motion cannot change unless it is acted upon by
a force, as described by Newton's first law.
Momentum is a quantity which is used for
measuring motion of an object.An
object'smomentum is directly related to the
object's mass and velocity, and the total
momentum of all
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objects in a closed system (one not affected by
external forces) does not change with time, as
described by the law of conservation of
momentum.The study of motion deals with (1)
The study of motion of solids (mechanics).(2)
study of motion of fluids ( fluid mechanics)

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As there is no absolute frame of
reference, absolute motion cannot be
determined. Thus, everything in the universe can
be considered to be moving.
More generally, the term motion signifies a
continuous change in the configuration of a
physical system. For example, one can talk about
motion of a wave or a quantum particle (or any
other field) where the configuration consists of
probabilities of occupying specific positions.

In physics, motion in the universe is
described through two sets of apparently
contradictory laws of mechanics. Motions
of all large scale and familiar objects in the
universe (such as projectiles, planets, cells,
and humans) are described by classical
mechanics. Whereas the motion of very
small atomic and sub-atomic objects is
described by quantum mechanics.
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Classical mechanics is used for describing the
motion of macroscopic objects,
from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well
as astronomical objects, such
as spacecraft, planets, stars, andgalaxies. It
produces very accurate results within these
domains, and is one of the oldest and largest
subjects in science, engineering, and technology.

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Classical mechanics is fundamentally based
on Newton's Laws of Motion. These laws
describe the relationship between the forces
acting on a body and the motion of that body.
They were first compiled by Sir Isaac
Newton in his work Philosophi Naturalis
Principia Mathematica, first published on July
5, 1687. His three laws are:
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published on July 5, 1687. His three laws are:
In the absence of a net external force,
a body either is at rest or moves with constant
velocity.
The net external force on a body is equal to
the mass of that body times
its acceleration;F = ma. Alternatively, the
acceleration is directly proportional to the force
causing it, and inversely proportional to the mass.
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Whenever one body exerts a force F onto a second
body, the second body exerts the force F on the first
body. F and F are equal in magnitude and opposite in
sense.
[4]

Newton's three laws of motion, along with his law of
universal gravitation, explain Kepler's laws of planetary
motion, which were the first to accurately provide a
mathematical model for understanding orbiting bodies
in outer space. This explanation unified the motion of
celestial bodies and motion of objects on earth.


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classical mechanics was later further
enhanced by Albert Einstein's special
relativity and general relativity. Special
relativity explains the motion of objects with a
high velocity, approaching the speed of
light; general relativity is employed to
handle gravitational motion at a deeper level.
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Quantum mechanics[edit]
Main article: Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a set of principles
describing physical reality at the atomic level of
matter (molecules and atoms) and
thesubatomic (electrons, protons, and even
smaller particles). These descriptions include the
simultaneous wave-like and particle-like behavior
of both matter and radiation energy, this is
described in the waveparticle duality.

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In contrast to classical mechanics, where
accurate measurements and predictions can
be calculated about location and velocity, in
the quantum mechanics of a subatomic
particle, one can never specify its state, such
as its simultaneous location and velocity, with
complete certainty (this is called
the Heisenberg uncertainty principle).
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List of "imperceptible" human motions[edit]
Humans, like all known things in the universe, are
in constant motion,
[3]:89
however, aside from
obvious movements of the various
external body parts and locomotion, humans are
in motion in a variety of ways which are more
difficult to perceive. Many of these
"imperceptible motions" are only perceivable
with the help of special tools and careful
observation. The larger scales of "imperceptible

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List of "imperceptible" human motions[edit]
Humans, like all known things in the universe, are
in constant motion,
[3]:89
however, aside from
obvious movements of the various
external body parts and locomotion, humans are
in motion in a variety of ways which are more
difficult to perceive. Many of these
"imperceptible motions" are only perceivable
with the help of special tools and careful
observation. The larger scales of "imperceptible

motions" are difficult for humans to perceive
for two reasons: 1) Newton's laws of
motion (particularly Inertia) which prevent
humans from feeling motions of a mass to
which they are connected, and 2) the lack of
an obvious frame of reference which would
allow individuals to easily see that they are
moving.
[5]
The smaller scales of these motions
are too small for humans to sense.
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Inertia is the resistance of any physical object
to any change in its state of motion (including
a change in direction). In other words, it is the
tendency of objects to keep moving in a
straight line at constant linear velocity. The
principle of inertia is one of the fundamental
principles of classical physics that are used to
describe the motion of objects and how they
are affected by appliedforces. Inertia
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comes from the Latin word, iners, meaning
idle, sluggish. Inertia is one of the primary
manifestations of mass, which is a quantitative
property of physical systems. Isaac
Newton defined inertia as his first law in
his Philosophi Naturalis Principia
Mathematica, which states:
[1]


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The vis insita, or innate force of matter, is a
power of resisting by which every body, as
much as in it lies, endeavours to preserve its
present state, whether it be of rest or of
moving uniformly forward in a straight line.
In physics, acceleration is the rate at which
the velocity of an object changes with
time.
[1]
Velocity and acceleration are vectorquantities,
with magnitude, direction, and add according to
the parallelogram law.
[2][3]
As described by Newton's
Second Law, acceleration is caused by a net force; the
force, as a vector, is equal to the product of the mass of
the object being accelerated (scalar) and the acceleration
(vector). The SI unit for acceleration is the metre per
second squared (m/s
2
).
In everyday use and in kinematics, the speed of an
object is themagnitude of its velocity (the rate of
change of its position); it is thus a scalar quantity.
The average speed of an object in an interval of time
is the distance travelled by the object divided by the
duration of the interval

What Is The Difference Between Speed
and Velocity
Speed is how fast an object moves While velocity is the
Velocity is the rate of change of the position of an
object, equivalent to a specification of its speed and
direction of motion, e.g. 60 km/h to the north. Velocity
is an important concept in kinematics, the branch
of classical mechanics which describes the motionof
bodies.
Velocity is a vector physical quantity; both magnitude
and direction are required to define it.
The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is
called "speed", a quantity that is measured in metres
per second (m/s or ms
1
) in the SI (metric) system. For
example, "5
metres per second" is a scalar (not a vector),
whereas "5 metres per second east" is a
vector.
If there is a change in speed, direction, or
both, then the object has a changing velocity
and is said to be undergoing anacceleration.


How To Find The Acceleration?
Mathematically, instantaneous accelerationacceleration over
an infinitesimal interval of timeis the rate of change of velocity over time:
i.e., the derivative of the velocity vector as a function of time.(Here and
elsewhere, if motion is in a straight line, vector quantities can be substituted
by scalars in the equations.)
Average acceleration over a period of time is the change in velocity divided by the
duration of the period
Acceleration has the dimensions of velocity (L/T) divided by time, i.e., L/T
2
.
The SI unit of acceleration is the metre per second squared(m/s
2
); this can be
called more meaningfully "metre per second per second", as the velocity in metres
per second changes by the acceleration value, every second.
An object moving in a circular motionsuch as a satellite orbiting the earthis
accelerating due to the change of direction of motion, although the magnitude
(speed) may be constant. When an object is executing such a motion where it
changes direction, but not speed, it is said to be undergoing centripetal (directed
towards the center) acceleration. Oppositely, a change in the speed of an object,
but not its direction of motion, is
a tangential acceleration.
Proper acceleration, the acceleration of a body relative to a
free-fall condition, is measured by an instrument called
an accelerometer.
In classical mechanics, for a body with constant mass, the
(vector) acceleration of the body's center of mass is
proportional to the net force vector (i.e., sum of all forces)
acting on it (Newton's second law):
where F is the net force acting on the body, m is
the mass of the body, and a is the center-of-mass
acceleration. As speeds approach the speed of
light, relativistic effects become increasingly large and
acceleration becomes less.