Wind Energy and Wind Turbine

Baginda Bukhori
Kevin Irdyan Hardwin
Sekar Sinaringati
Yudistira

"Coal, gas and oil will not be the three kings
of the energy world for ever. It is no longer
folly to look up to the sun and wind, down
into the sea's waves"
Introduction to Wind
Wind is caused by the energy radiated to the Earth by
the Sun
Nuclear reactions take place inside the suns core,
where the temperature is 1 x 10
7
K
This produces 4 x 10
26
joules of electromagnetic
radiation every second that is radiated into space
Some of it reaches the earth:
strikes the equator directly (giving it the most radiation)
diffuses along the Northern and Southern Hemisphere
the poles receive the lowest amount of radiation
Wind cont
The radiation from the sun heats the Earth's surface
Heating process creates temperature differences
between the:
Land,Water, Air
due to their different physical properties
I.e. density
Affects their respective abilities to absorb
heat

Process of Wind Creation
Wind current of air (air
moving from an A of high P to
an A of low P
hot air rises, it expands,
becomes less dense, and is
then replaced by denser, cooler
air
Heated air rises from equator
moves north and south in the
upper levels of the atmosphere
circulates above cooler air
At roughly 30 latitude Coriolis
Effect stops air.


high pressure area
The Coriolis Effect the
tendency for any moving
body on or above the
earth's surface to drift
sideways from its course
because of the earth's
rotation
Northern Hemisphere
deflection right
Southern Hemisphere it is
to the left

Wind what causes it?
Atmospheric pressure
differences
Where does the
pressure come from?
Weight of air in
atmosphere

Area
Force
Pressure=
~31 km
(99% of mass)
Avg. pressure at sea level
101325 Pa (Pascal)
1013.25 mb (millibar)
29.92 in. Hg (inches of mercury
1 atm (atmosphere)
14.7 psi (pound per square inch)
Pressure
depth g Density Pressure =
Area
Force
Pressure= (Definition)
Earths surface
( ) ( ) depth gravity to due on accelerati Pressure =
volume
mass
( ) m
s
m
Pressure
2 3

|
.
|

\
|
=
m
kg
Check the formula by checking the units!
Units multiply and divide like numbers!
Space (zero pressure)
Edge of atmosphere
( )
2 2
2
2 2
s
m kg
m
s
1
Pressure
m
N
m
m
kg
=

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
Okay!
Wind what causes it?, cont.
Pressure differences cause the flow of fluids (gases and liquids)
pressure is always measured relative to some reference
pressure
Sometimes relative to vacuum absolute
Sometimes relative to atmospheric pressure
h
P
B
P
A

The higher pressure at B will cause fluid to flow out of the tank.
So, what causes pressure variations in the atmosphere?
( )
A B
P h g P > =
Fluid density
Acceleration due to gravity
Fluid height
Prevailing Winds
Heating and cooling of the air

http://trampleasure.net/science/coriolis/coriolis.png
Review Question 1
What causes wind?
A. Air pressure
B. Weight of the atmosphere
C. Pressure difference in atmosphere
D. Low pressure
E. High pressure


Uneven heating of earths surface and rotation
Force Strength km/h Effect
0 Calm 0-1 Smoke rises vertically
1 Light air 1-5 Smoke drifts slowly
2 Light breeze 6-11 Wind felt on face; leaves rustle
3 Gentle breeze 12-19 Twigs move; light flag unfurls
4 Moderate breeze 20-29 Dust and paper blown about; small branches move
5 Fresh breeze 30-39 Wavelets on inland water; small trees move
6 Strong breeze 40-50 Large branches sway; umbrellas turn inside out
7 Near gale 51-61 Whole trees sway; difficult to walk against wind
8 Gale 62-74 Twigs break off trees; walking very hard
9 Strong gale 75-87 Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down
10 Storm 88-101 Widespread damage to buildings
11 Violent Storm 102-117 Widespread damage to buildings
12 Hurricane Over 119 Devastation
Beaufort Scale
P t Mill I t d d i N th E
Brief History Early Systems
for translating horizontal into rotational motion
Harvesting wind power isnt exactly a new
idea sailing ships, wind-mills, wind-
pumps
1st Wind Energy Systems
Ancient Civilization in the Near East / Persia
Vertical-Axis Wind-Mill: sails connected to a vertical

shaft connected to a grinding stone for milling
Wind in the Middle Ages
Post Mill Introduced in Northern Europe
Horizontal-Axis Wind-Mill: sails connected to a
horizontal shaft on a tower encasing gears and axles

Wind in 19
th
century US

Wind-rose horizontal-axis water-pumping wind-mills
found throughout rural America

Torrey, Volta (1976) Wind-Catchers: American Windmills of Yesterday and Tomorrow. Stephen Green Press,
Vermont. Righter, Robert (1996) Wind Energy in America. University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma.
1920s P ll bl d
Brief History - Rise of Wind Powered Electricity

1888: Charles Brush builds first large-size wind
electricity generation turbine (17 m diameter
wind rose configuration, 12 kW generator)
1890s: Lewis Electric Company of New York
sells generators to retro-fit onto existing wind
mills
1920s-1950s: Propeller-type 2 & 3-blade

horizontal-axis wind electricity conversion
systems (WECS)
1940s 1960s: Rural Electrification in US and

Europe leads to decline in WECS use


Torrey, Volta (1976) Wind-Catchers: American Windmills of Yesterday and Tomorrow. Stephen Green Press,
Vermont. Righter, Robert (1996) Wind Energy in America. University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma.
Turbine Standardization:
on a monopole tower
History Brief Modern Era
on a monopole tower

Key attributes of this period:
Scale increase
Commercialization
Competitiveness
Grid integration
Catalyst for progress: OPEC Crisis (1970s)
Economics
Energy independence
Environmental benefits
Turbine Standardization:
3-blade Upwind
Horizontal-Axis

Source for Graphic: Steve Connors, MIT Energy Initiative
P t Mill I t d d i N th E
Brief History Early Systems
for translating horizontal into rotational motion
Harvesting wind power isnt exactly a new
idea sailing ships, wind-mills, wind-
pumps
1st Wind Energy Systems
Ancient Civilization in the Near East / Persia
Vertical-Axis Wind-Mill: sails connected to a vertical

shaft connected to a grinding stone for milling
Wind in the Middle Ages
Post Mill Introduced in Northern Europe
Horizontal-Axis Wind-Mill: sails connected to a
horizontal shaft on a tower encasing gears and axles

Wind in 19
th
century US

Wind-rose horizontal-axis water-pumping wind-mills
found throughout rural America

Torrey, Volta (1976) Wind-Catchers: American Windmills of Yesterday and Tomorrow. Stephen Green Press,
Vermont. Righter, Robert (1996) Wind Energy in America. University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma.
1920s P ll bl d
Brief History - Rise of Wind Powered Electricity

1888: Charles Brush builds first large-size wind
electricity generation turbine (17 m diameter
wind rose configuration, 12 kW generator)
1890s: Lewis Electric Company of New York
sells generators to retro-fit onto existing wind
mills
1920s-1950s: Propeller-type 2 & 3-blade

horizontal-axis wind electricity conversion
systems (WECS)
1940s 1960s: Rural Electrification in US and

Europe leads to decline in WECS use


Torrey, Volta (1976) Wind-Catchers: American Windmills of Yesterday and Tomorrow. Stephen Green Press,
Vermont. Righter, Robert (1996) Wind Energy in America. University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma.
Turbine Standardization:
on a monopole tower
History Brief Modern Era
on a monopole tower

Key attributes of this period:
Scale increase
Commercialization
Competitiveness
Grid integration
Catalyst for progress: OPEC Crisis (1970s)
Economics
Energy independence
Environmental benefits
Turbine Standardization:
3-blade Upwind
Horizontal-Axis

Source for Graphic: Steve Connors, MIT Energy Initiative
A
Kinetic Energy
d
Thus:
Fundamental Equation of Wind Power
dm
= m
&
mass flux
m
&

v
2
P = * *
dm/dt = * A * v
Thus:
Power ~ cube of velocity
P = * * A * v
3
Power ~ air density
Power ~ rotor swept area A= r
2

Wind Power depends on:
amount of air (volume)
speed of air (velocity)
mass of air (density)
A

flowing through the area of interest (flux)
v

Kinetic Energy definition:
KE = * m * v
2

Power is KE per unit time:
dt

Fluid mechanics gives mass flow rate
(density * volume flux):
to the total contained in the wind resource Cp = P
Efficiency in Extracting Wind Power
Power Coefficient, Cp, is the ratio of power extracted by the turbine
to the total contained in the wind s u e Cp = P
T
/P
W


Betz Limit & Power Coefficient:
Power Coefficient, Cp, is the ratio of power

Turbine power output
P
T
= * * A * v
3
* Cp
The Betz Limit is the maximal possible Cp = 16/27
59% efficiency is the BEST a conventional wind turbine can do in
extracting power from the wind
Power Curve of Wind Turbine
Capacity Factor (CF):
The fraction of the year the turbine generator

Capacity Factor = Average Output / Peak Output 30%
CF is based on both the characteristics of the turbine and the
site characteristics (typically 0.3 or above for a good site)
Lift & Drag Forces
The Lift Force is
perpendicular to the
direction of motion. We
want to make this force
BIG.



The Drag Force is parallel
to the direction of motion.
We want to make this
force small.
= low
= medium
<10 degrees
= High
Stall!!

Wind Turbines
rotary engine in which the kinetic energy of a
moving fluid is converted into mechanical energy by
causing a bladed rotor to rotate
opposite of a fan
turbine blades spin from the wind and make
energy, instead of using energy to make wind
Wind rotates the turbine blades
spins a shaft connected to a generator
The spinning of the shaft in the generator
makes electricity
Construction: Wind Sheer
Wind turbines, like windmills, are mounted on a
tower to capture the most wind energy
wind speed varies by height
wind current 100m above the ground dropped in
speed by 10% when its height declined to 50m
property is known as wind sheer
wind speed increases in speed with height,
due to friction at the Earths surface
The Hub heights of modern wind turbines, which produce 600
to 1,500 kW of electricity, are usually 40 to 80 meters above
ground

Turbines: Two Types
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Two Types
Vertical Axis Advantages
Can place generator on
ground
You dont need a yaw
mechanism for wind
angle
Disadvantages
Lower wind speeds at
ground level
Less efficiency
Requires a push


Horizontal Advantages
Higher wind speeds
Great efficiency
Disadvantages
Angle of turbine is
relevant
Difficult access to
generator for repairs

Wind Turbine Configurations
HAWT
VAWT
Boyle, G., Renewable Energy, 2
nd
ed., Oxford
University Press, 2004
Design of HAWT Turbine Blade, cont.
Number of blades
Increasing the number of
blades tends to increase the
aerodynamic efficiency
Increasing the number of
blades increases the cost
(material and manufacturing
Turbines with fewer blades
tend to run most efficiently
at lower tip speed ratios
(ratio of tip speed to wind
speed)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_design
Number of Blades One
Rotor must move more
rapidly to capture same
amount of wind
Gearbox ratio reduced
Added weight of
counterbalance negates some
benefits of lighter design
Higher speed means more
noise, visual, and wildlife
impacts
Blades easier to install
because entire rotor can be
assembled on ground
Captures 10% less energy
than two blade design
Ultimately provide no cost
savings

Number of Blades - Two
Advantages &
disadvantages similar to
one blade
Need teetering hub and
or shock absorbers
because of gyroscopic
imbalances
Capture 5% less energy
than three blade designs


Number of Blades - Three
Balance of
gyroscopic forces
Slower rotation
increases gearbox &
transmission costs
More aesthetic, less
noise, fewer bird
strikes

Review Question 2
The lift force on a wing or turbine blade is:
A. In line with the relative wind direction
B. Perpendicular to the relative wind
direction
C. Somewhere between in line and
perpendicular to the relative wind
direction
D. Varies
E. A and B

Airfoil Shape
Just like the wings of an airplane,
wind turbine blades use the
airfoil shape to create lift and
maximize efficiency.
The Bernoulli Effect
Twist & Taper
Speed through the air of a
point on the blade changes
with distance from hub
Therefore, tip speed ratio
varies as well
To optimize angle of attack all
along blade, it must twist from
root to tip
Fast
Faster
Fastest
Tip-Speed Ratio
Tip-speed ratio is the ratio of the
speed of the rotating blade tip to
the speed of the free stream
wind.
There is an optimum angle of attack
which creates the highest lift to
drag ratio.
Because angle of attack is dependant
on wind speed, there is an
optimum tip-speed ratio

R
V
TSR =
Where,
= rotational speed in radians /sec
R = Rotor Radius
V = Wind Free Stream Velocity
R
R
Performance Over Range of Tip Speed Ratios
Power Coefficient Varies with Tip Speed Ratio
Characterized by Cp vs Tip Speed Ratio Curve
Betz Limit
All wind power cannot be
captured by rotor or air
would be completely still
behind rotor and not
allow more wind to pass
through.
Theoretical limit of rotor
efficiency is 59%
Most modern wind turbines
are in the 35 45% range

Diagnostics
Wind Turbine Subsystems
Electronics & Controls
Braking
Diagnostics

Foundation
Tower
Nacelle
Hub & Rotor
Drivetrain

Gearbox
Generator

Yaw
Pitch
Power Electronics
Cooling


Wind Turbine Sketch

PEMANFAATAN TURBIN ANGIN SEBAGAI PENGHASIL ENERGI LISTRIK
ALTERNATIF DI PULAU PANGGANG KEPULAUAN SERIBU
Latar Belakang
Di pulau panggang listrik hanya menyala selama 12 jam dalam
sehari. Hal ini disebabkan karena kurangnya pasokan daya listrik dari
pembangkit yang sudah ada.

Analisa ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aspek teknis dan ekonomis
pemasangan turbin angin sebagai pembangkit listrik di pulau
panggang, serta mengetahui jumlah kebutuhan turbin angin dan
konfigurasi yang tepat untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan daya listrik di
pulau panggang.

Analisa yang telah dilakukan menghasilkan data tentang kebutuhan
turbin angin dan data tentang kebutuhan dana untuk instalasi
turbin angin, sehingga diketahui pemasangan turbin angin sebagai
pembangkit listrik di pulau panggang menguntungkan baik dari aspek
teknis maupun dari aspek ekonomis.

ANALISA DATA
Kebutuhan Listrik Pulau Panggang berdasarkan
Laporan penyelenggara pemerintah kepulauan
seribu tahun 2005 di ketahui bahwa jumlah
rumah di pulau panggang adalah sebanyak
1152 buah.

Jika kebutuhan listrik satu buah rumah adalah
450 watt. Maka kebutuhan listrik untuk pulau
panggang adalah sebesar 519 kW.
METODOLOGI


Berdasarkan data angin di pulau panggang(106BT dan 5.4LS) dalam
jangka waktu Februari 2005-Agustus 2006 besar angin dan arah angin
dapat dilihat seperti pada gambar berikut :








Di Kepulauan Seribu kecepatan angin adalah sebesar 7-15 (3,5m/s - 7,6 m/s)knot antara Bulan
Juni sampai November sedangkan pada Bulan Desember hingga mei kecepatan angin
berkisar 7-20 knot(3,5m/s - 10,1 m/s). Diketahui bahwa kecepatan angin semakin
bertambah seiring dengan meningkatnya ketinggian. Besarnya kecepatan angin pada
ketinggian tertentu dapat diketahui dengan menggunakan persamaan : () = (/0)

Daya Yang Dihasilkan Turbin
Pada kecepatan angin rata-rata di Pulau
Panggang sebesar V= 4,3 m/s atau V(z) =
9,9 m/s daya yang dihasilkan turbin adalah
sebesar 145kW. Sedangkan kebutuhan listrik
di pulau panggang adalah sebesar 512kW.
Maka untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan energi
listrik menggunakan 4 buah turbin.
Turbin yang digunakan adalah VESTAS V-27 225kW
Dengan spesifikasi :
Generator : Rating 225kW @ 16 m/s
Rotor Speed : 43 rpm nominal
Cut-in Wind : Speed 3.5 m/s
Survival wind : speed 56 m/s
Rotor diameter : 27m
Rotor orientation : Upwind
Number of blades : 3
Blade material : Fibreglass/polyester
Control system : Pitch controlled
Gearbox : Planetary
Brakes : Disc
Generator RPM: 760 to 1008
Yaw control : Powered
Tower height : 31m
Tower : Free standing
Tower Material : Hot dip-galvanized steel, painted