SHM and Circular Motion

Uniform circular
motion projected onto
one dimension is
simple harmonic
motion.
SHM and Circular Motion

x(t) = Acos |
( )

e =
d|
dt

| =et

x(t) = Acos et
( )
Start with the x-component of
position of the particle in UCM
End with the same result as
the spring in SHM!
Notice it started at angle zero
Initial conditions:

| =et + |
0
We will not always start our
clocks at one amplitude.

x(t) = Acos et + |
0
( )

v
x
(t) = eAsin et + |
0
( )

v
x
(t) = v
max
sin et + |
0
( )
The Phase Constant:

| =et + |
0
Phi is called the phase of the
oscillation
Phi naught is called the phase
constant or phase shift. This
value specifies the initial
conditions.
Different values of the phase constant correspond
to different starting points on the circle and thus
to different initial conditions
Phase Shifts:
An object on a spring oscillates with a period of 0.8s and
an amplitude of 10cm. At t=0s, it is 5cm to the left of
equilibrium and moving to the left. What are its position
and direction of motion at t=2s?


x(t) = Acos et + |
0
( )

x
0
= 5cm= Acos |
0
( )
Initial conditions:

|
0
= cos
1
x
0
A
|
\

|
.
|
= cos
1
5cm
10cm
|
\

|
.
|
= 120 =
2
3
t rads
From the period we get:

e=
2t
T
=
2t
0.8s
= 7.85rad/s
An object on a spring oscillates with a period of 0.8s and
an amplitude of 10cm. At t=0s, it is 5cm to the left of
equilibrium and moving to the left. What are its position
and direction of motion at t=2s?


x(t) = Acos et + |
0
( )

e = 7.85rad /s

|
0
=
2
3
t rads

A= 0.1m
t = 2s

x(t) = 0.1cos 7.85 2
( )
+
2
3
t
|
\

|
.
|

x(t) =0.05m
We have modeled SHM mathematically.
Now comes the physics.
Total mechanical energy is conserved
for our SHM example of a spring with
constant k, mass m, and on a
frictionless surface.

E = K+ U=
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
The particle has all potential energy
at x=A and x=A, and the particle
has purely kinetic energy at x=0.
At turning points:

E = U=
1
2
kA
2
At x=0:

E = k =
1
2
mv
max
2
From conservation:

1
2
kA
2
=
1
2
mv
max
2
Maximum speed as related to
amplitude:

v
max
=
k
m
A
From energy considerations:
From kinematics:
Combine these:

v
max
=
k
m
A

v
max
= eA

e =
k
m

f =
1
2t
k
m

T = 2t
m
k
a 500g block on a spring is pulled a distance of 20cm and
released. The subsequent oscillations are measured to
have a period of 0.8s. at what position or positions is the
blocks speed 1.0m/s?

The motion is SHM and energy is conserved.

1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
=
1
2
kA
2

kx
2
= kA
2
mv
2

x = A
2

m
k
v
2

x = A
2

v
2
e
2

e=
2t
T
=
2t
0.8s
= 7.85rad/s

x = 0.15m
Dynamics of SHM
Acceleration is at a maximum when the particle is at
maximum and minimum displacement from x=0.

a
x
=
dv
x
(t)
dt
=
d eAsin et
( )
( )
dt
= e
2
Acos et
( )
Dynamics of SHM
Acceleration is
proportional to the
negative of the
displacement.

a
x
= e
2
Acos et
( )

a
x
= e
2
x

x = Acos et
( )
Dynamics of SHM
As we found with energy
considerations:

a
x
= e
2
x

F =ma
x
=kx

ma
x
=kx

a
x
=
k
m
x
According to Newtons 2
nd

Law:

a
x
=
d
2
x
dt
2
Acceleration is not
constant:

d
2
x
dt
2
=
k
m
x
This is the equation of
motion for a mass on a
spring. It is of a general
form called a second order
differential equation.
2
nd
-Order Differential Equations:
Unlike algebraic equations, their solutions are not
numbers, but functions.
In SHM we are only interested in one form so we can
use our solution for many objects undergoing SHM.
Solutions to these diff. eqns. are unique (there is only
one). One common method of solving is guessing the
solution that the equation should have

d
2
x
dt
2
=
k
m
x
From
evidence, we
expect the
solution:

x = Acos et + |
0
( )
2
nd
-Order Differential Equations:
Lets put this possible solution into our equation and
see if we guessed right!

d
2
x
dt
2
=
k
m
x
IT WORKS. Sinusoidal oscillation of
SHM is a result of Newtons laws!

x = Acos et + |
0
( )

d
2
x
dt
2
= e
2
Acos et
( )

dx
dt
= eAsin et
( )

e
2
Acos et
( )
=
k
m
Acos et
( )

e
2
=
k
m
What about vertical oscillations of
a spring-mass system??

F
net
=kALmg=0
Hanging at rest:

kAL =mg

AL =
m
k
g
this is the equilibrium
position of the system.
Now we let the system
oscillate. At maximum:
But:

F
net
= k AL y
( )
mg

F
net
=kALmgky

kALmg=0
So:

F
net
=ky
Everything that we have learned about
horizontal oscillations is equally valid for
vertical oscillations!
The Pendulum

F
net
( )
t
= mg sinu = ma
t

d
2
s
dt
2
= gsinu
Equation of motion
for a pendulum

s = uL
Small Angle Approximation:

d
2
s
dt
2
= gsinu
When is about
0.1rad or less, h
and s are about the
same.

sinu ~ u

cosu ~1

tanu ~ sinu ~1

d
2
s
dt
2
~ gu

u =
s
L

F
net
( )
t
= m
d
2
s
dt
2
~
mgs
L
The Pendulum
Equation of
motion for a
pendulum

d
2
s
dt
2
=
gs
L

e =
g
L

u(t) = u
max
cos et + |
0
( )

x(t) = Acos et + |
0
( )
A Pendulum Clock
What length pendulum will have a period of exactly 1s?


e =
g
L

T = 2t
L
g

g
T
2t
|
\

|
.
|
2
= L

L = 9.8m/s
2
1s
2t
|
\

|
.
|
2
= 0.248m
Conditions for SHM
Notice that all objects that
we look at are described
the same mathematically.
Any system with a linear restoring
force will undergo simple
harmonic motion around the
equilibrium position.
A Physical Pendulum

d
2
u
dt
2
=
mgl
I
u

t

=Io=mgd=mglsinu
when there is
mass in the
entire pendulum,
not just the bob.
Small Angle Approx.

e =
mgl
I
Damped Oscillations
All real oscillators are damped
oscillators. these are any that slow
down and eventually stop.
a model of drag force for
slow objects:

F
drag
= bv
b is the damping
constant (sort of like a
coefficient of friction).
Damped Oscillations

F =F
s
+

F
drag
=kxbv=ma

kxb
dx
dt
m
d
2
x
dt
2
= 0
Another 2
nd
-order diff eq.
Solution to 2
nd
-
order diff eq:

x(t) = Ae
bt / 2m
cos et + |
0
( )

e =
k
m

b
2
4m
2

e = e
0
2

b
2
4m
2
Damped Oscillations

x(t) = Ae
bt / 2m
cos et + |
0
( )
A slowly changing line
that provides a border to
a rapid oscillation is
called the envelope of
the oscillations.
Driven
Oscillations
Not all oscillating objects are disturbed from rest
then allowed to move undisturbed.
Some objects may be subjected to a periodic
external force.
Driven
Oscillations
All objects have a natural frequency at which
they tend to vibrate when disturbed.
Objects may be exposed to a periodic force with
a particular driving frequency.
If the driven
frequency matches
the natural
frequency of an
object, RESONANCE
occurs
THE
END