Traducin idioma 1.

III: galego > ingls

1
2
Preliminary norms (Toury 1995: 58)
Translation policy
Factors that govern the choice of text-types, or even
of individual texts, to be imported through translation
into a particular culture/language at a particular point
in time.
Directness of translation
Considerations concerning directness of translation
involve the threshold of tolerance for translating from
languages other than the ultimate source language: is
indirect translation permitted at all? In translating
from what source languages/text-types/periods (etc.)
is it permitted/prohibited/tolerated/preferred?


3
Operational norms
May be conceived of as directing the decisions
made during the act of translation itself.
Matricial norms
May govern the very existence of target-language
material intended as a substitute for the
corresponding source-language material [...], its
location in the text [...], as well as the textual
segmentation.
Textual-linguistic norms
Govern the selection of material to formulate the
target text in, or replace the original textual and
linguistic material with.
Textual-linguistic norms may either be general [...]
or particular [...].

4
Extratextual / Intratextual factors (Nord
1991/2005: 41-153)
Extratextual factors (external factors)
Sender
Senders intention
Audience
Medium/channel
Place of communication
Time of communication
Motive for communication
Text function
5
Intratextual factors (Internal factors)
Subject matter
Content
Presuppositions
Text composition
Non-verbal elements
Lexis
Sentence structure
Suprasegmental features
6
Domestication vs. Foreignization (Venuti
1995: 20)
Admitting (with qualifications like as much as
possible) that translation can never be
completely adequate to the foreign text,
Schleiermacher allowed the translator to choose
between a domesticating method, an
ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to
target-language cultural values, bringing the
author back home, and a foreignizing method, an
ethnodeviant pressure on those values to register
the linguistic and cultural difference of the
foreign text, sending the reader abroad.
7
Translation procedures (Newmark 2006)
Transference
Naturalisation
Cultural equivalent
Functional equivalent
Descriptive equivalent
Synonymy
Through-translation
Shifts or transpositions
Modulation
8

(Cultural references: Agost, 1999:100-101)

Same reference (globalizacin cultural)

Explanation (preference for meaning)

Cultural adaptation: replacement of a ST reference
for a TT one

Omision of the reference (careful with context)


9

Neutralization: replacement by an element
that is generic or explains the one of the
source text

Internalization: a segment shared by source
and target texts



10
11

Type of text (Reiss 2000: 24-47)
Content-focused texts
Form-focused texts
Appeal-focused texts
Audio-medial texts
12
[] the principal kinds of text in the
content-focused type would include press
releases and comments, news reports,
commercial correspondence, inventories of
merchandise, operating instructions,
directions for use, patent specifications,
treaties, official documents, educational
works, non-fiction books of all sorts, essays,
treaties, reports, theses, and specialized
literature in the humanities, the natural
sciences, and other technical fields.
13
Form: how an author expresses himself, as
distinct from content, which deals with
what the author says.

In these texts the author makes use of
formal elements, whether consciously or
unconsciously, for a specific aesthetic
effect.
14
Generally speaking, all texts based on
formal literary principles, and therefore all
texts which express more than they state,
where figures of speech and style serve to
achieve an aesthetic purpose in a word:
texts which may be called for and fully
justified.

15
they are distinctive in always presenting
information with a particular perspective, an
explicit purpose, involving a non-linguistic
result.

[] all texts in which the element of appeal
is dominant, with advertising, publicity,
preaching, propaganda, polemic, demagogy
or satire providing either the purpose or
linguistic means of expression.
16
[They] do not represent the simple
transcription of oral communications, but
rather are more or less important
components of a larger complex.

Generally speaking, any text that requires
the use of and a degree of accommodation to
a non-linguistic medium in order to
communicate with the hearer, whether in the
source or in the target language. Primary
examples would be radio and television
scripts, such as radio newscasts and reports,
topical surveys and dramatic productions.
17
Brief conditions
Initiator (Nord 1991/2005: 9-11)
The initiator wants the translation for a certain
purpose. The reception of the target text by the
initiator or any other person the target text is passed
on to depends on this purpose. It is this purpose that
determines the requirements to be met by the
translation.
If the translation is to be suitable for a certain
purpose, it must fulfil certain requirements, which are
defined by the translation instructions or translation
brief.
18

Although the initiator is the one who actually defines
the TT skopos (even if he or she may not be able to
formulate the brief), the responsibility for the
translation will always rest with the translator. It is
the translator alone who has the competence to
decide whether the translation which the initiator asks
for can actually be produced on the basis of the given
source text and, if so, how, i.e. by which procedures
and techniques, this should best be done. After all, it
is the translator, and not the initiator, who is the
expert on translation.

19
Reader
20
Function
Bhler:
Representation
Expression
Persuasion

Jakobson:
Referential
Expressive
Conative
Poetic
Phatic
Metalingual
21
Socio-cultural context (Brunette 2000: 178-179)
Non-linguistic circumstances surrounding the
production of the discourse to be assessed. For
assessors of general or pragmatic texts, these
circumstances include the end user of the target text
(in its relation to that of the source text), the
position of the end user, the author (e.g. personality,
experience, habits, relation to end user), the time
and place in which the translation will be used, the
life span of the translated text, the text type, the
medium used to disseminate the text, the social
situation (e.g. multilingualism) and ideological
circumstances (e.g. political) surrounding the
production of the target text.
22

Historical moment
Situation (Hatim & Mason 1997: 205)

Purpose
Authors intention (Nord 1997, Hatim and Mason
1991; Brunette 2000)

23
Coherence and Cohesion (Brunette 2000:
175)

Coherence: Continuity of the meaning of a text
from one idea to another and plausibility of such
meaning.

Cohesion: Linguistic means used to ensure
continuity of the form and content of a text.
24
Reception in target culture (Toury 1995: 56)
[] a translator may subject him-/herself either
to the original text, with the norms it has
realized, or to the norms active in the target
culture, or in that section of it which would host
the end product.

[] whereas adherence to source norms
determines a translations adequacy as
compared to the source text, subscription to
norms originating in the target culture
determines its acceptability.
25
Nord 1991/2005: 174-177
26
Pragmatic translation problems
Convention-related (cultural) translation
problems
Linguistic translation problems
Text-specific translation problems
27
Pragmatic translation problems
Every source text can be translated into
different target languages aiming at different
translation purposes.
Since these problems are present in any
imaginable translation task, they can be
generalized irrespective of the languages and
cultures involved or of the direction of
translation (into or out of the foreign language.
[...] pragmatic problems can be identified using
the extratextual factors of the text-analytical
model.
28
Convention-related translation problems
Translating from one particular culture into
another, certain translation problems may arise
which would not occur between two other
cultures.
29
Linguistic translation problems
The structural differences between two
languages, particularly in lexis and sentence
structure, give rise to certain translation
problems which occur in every translation
involving this pair of languages, no matter which
of the two serves as source and which serves as
target language.
30
Text-specific translation problems
Any problem arising in a particular text
specimen which cannot be classified as
pragmatic, convention-related or linguistic, has
to be regarded as text-specific, which means
that its occurrence in a particular text is a
special case.
31

Following Nords classification:
Pragmatic
Linguistic
Cultural
Text-specific
32
Hurtado 1999: 181
33
Comprehension of the ST
Contradiction
False friend
Non sense
Different meaning
Addition
Omission
Wrong proposal for a cultural reference
Inadequate proposal for linguistic deviation
Tone
Style
Dialect
Idiolect
34
Expression in the TL
Orthography and punctuation
Grammar
Vocabulary
Textual
Coherence
Thematic sequence
Reference
Connectors
Writing
35
Pragmatic deviations

Adequate proposals
Very good equivalence
Good equivalence
36
Agost, R. 1999. Traduccin y doblaje:
Palabras, voces e imgenes. Barcelona: Ariel.
Brunette, L. 2000. A Comparison of TQA
Practices. The Translator, 6/2, 169-182.
Hatim, B. and I. Mason. Discourse and the
Translator. London: Longman.
Hurtado, A. 1999. Ensear a traducir:
metodologa en la formacin de traductores
e intrpretes. Madrid: Edelsa.
Newmark, P. 2006. A Textbook of Translation.
New York: Prentice Hall.

37
Nord, C. 1991/2005. Text Analysis in
Translation. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Reiss, K. 2000. Translation Criticism The
Potencials & Limitations. Translated by Errol
F. Rhodes. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Toury, G. 1995/2012. Descriptive Translation
Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam and
Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Venuti, L. 1995. The Translators Invisibility.
London: Routledge.
38