Network Theorems

Mesh analysis

Nodal analysis

Superposition

Thevenins Theorem

Nortons Theorem

Delta-star transformation

Direct application in conjunction with

Ohms law

Indirect application in conjunction with

resistance

Simultaneous euations

V IR V 27 6 5 . 4
2 2
= = =
16 24 8 3
3 3 3 4 4 3
= = = = = I R I V R I V
A I 5 . 1
16
24
3
= =
Since !
"
and !
#
are in parallel
Determine current and source
e$m$f
I
V
1
V
2
V
3
E
!
%
&
!
"
%'
!
(
'
!
#
&
I
#
)"*
Therefore
+y ,irchoffs first law
V V V V E 87 24 27 36
3 2 1
= + + = + + =
A I I I 5 . 4 3 5 . 1
4 3
= + = + =
V IR V 36 8 5 . 4
1 1
= = =
*lso
+y ,irchoffs second law

V R I V 45 15 3
2 1 2
= = =
A
R
V
I 3
9
27
1
1
1
= = =
Determine I
1
, E, I
3
and I
By Kirchoffs second law
V V V V E 72 45 27
2 1
= + = + = =
A I I I 12 9 3
3 1
= + = + =
A
R
V
I 9
8
72
3
3
= = =
lso
By Kirchoffs first law
-
!
(
I
I
3
.
"
.
(
.
%
!
"
!
%
I
1
27 V
15
8
9

A I I 3 1 2 1
3 2
= + = + =
V V 1! 1! 1
1!
= =

"ower dissi#ated in $
3
is
2!%. &alc'late I
3
, R
1
,I
1
, I
2

and E
By Kirchoffs first law in node (
V V E 27 22 5 = + = =
= = = 11
2
22
1
1
1
I
V
R
3
2
3
2
3
2 2! R R I = =
By Kirchoffs first law in node a
-
1A
I
3
I
( /*
.
%
!
"
!
%
I
1
2
10
1
2
3
1! 2! I W P = =
A I 2
1!
2!
3
= =
By Kirchoffs second law in loo# 2
V V 22 6 1! 6
1
= + + =
A I I 2 3 5 5
2 1
= = = = 5
3
R
".D across 1 is 5 ) 1*5+
% (
"
a 0
c
d

I
V
1
V
2
V
3
E=87V
!
%
&
!
"
%'
!
(
'
!
#
&
A
R
V
I
t
5 . 4
33 . 19
87
= = =
= + + = + + = 33 . 19 33 . 5 6 8
2 1 e t
R R R R
=
+

=
+
= 33 . 5
8 16
8 16
4 3
4 3
R R
R R
R
e
,irst find the total effecti-e resistance
A I
R R
R
I 3 5 . 4
8 16
16
4 3
3
4
=
+
=
+
=
Determine c'rrent I and I
4
Then
1sin2 current division
. !
t
I

V V
AC
6 12
6 6
6
=
+
=
=
+

= 8
16 16
16 16
b
R
=
+

= 6
15 1!
15 1!
a
R
.ffecti-e resistance for #arallel
resistor 1! // 15 and
16//16
V V
BC
8 12
4 8
8
=
+
=
Determine +
B
Then
1sin2 volta2e division
%(.
%3
* +
4
%' %'
#
'
%/
.
*+
V V V V
BC AC AB
2 8 6 = = =
%(.
* +
4
&
#
'
'
.
*+
.
*4
.
+4

2 1
8 31 28 I I I =
( )
1 2 1
3 8 28 ! I I I I =
0 1 14 3 4!
2 1 1
I I I + =
##lyin2 Kirchoffs 2nd law for loo# 1
2 1
8 31 14! I I + =
&alc'late the c'rrent in each resistor
2 1
14 17 4! I I =
"
4
14
8
28
I )/*
#3.
*
+
4
D
%
(
"
3 I
1
4(
1
+
2
)
14(
1

2
)
8
2
28(
1
)
I
#3.
*
+
4
D
%
(
"
I
1
-I
2
I
2
I
1
I-I
1
I-I
1
+I
2
##lyin2 Kirchoffs 2nd law for loo# 2
A I 5 =
B't
3h's
4441(0
4441(0
4441a0

continue
A I I 2 2 4
2 1
= =
2 1
56 217 98! I I + =
1
285 114! I =
5ol-in2 the 2 sim'ltaneo's e6'ations
A I I I 3 2 4 5
2 1
= + = +
3hen 1c0 7 1d0
2 1
56 68 16! I I =
1a0 ) 4
1(0 ) 7
4441c0
4441d0
A I I 1 4 5
1
= =
2
8 124 14! I + = A I 2
2
=
5'(stit'te in 1(0
A I 4
1
=
8n 14 resistor
8n 4 resistor
8n 28 resistor
8n 3 resistor
8n 8 resistor

2 1
2! 18 2! I I + =
( )
2 1 2
18 2 2! I I I + + =
0 1 18 1 1!
2 1 1
I I I + + =
2 1
18! 162 18! I I + =
&alc'late the c'rrent in the networ9
2 1
18 19 1! I I + =
A I 85 . 2
1
=
1a0:1!
1(0) 9
4441(0
4441d0
4441a0
A I 72 . ! 85 . 2 57 . 3
3
= =
2 1
18! 19! 1!! I I + =
##lyin2 Kirchoffs 2nd law for loo# 1
2
18 34 . 54 1! I + =
##lyin2 Kirchoffs 2nd law for loo# 2
4441c0
2 1 3
I I I + =
(3.
%3.
%
I
1
I
3
I
2
%&
2
%
(
1d041c0 we 2et
5'(stit'te 8
1
in1a0
&'rrent in 18 resistor
A I 57 . 3
2
=

(3.
%3.
%
I
1
I
3
I
2
%&
%
(
1 1! 2!
1
= I
3
18 2! I =
A I 1 . 11 1 . 1 0 1! 1
2
= + =
&alc'late the c'rrent in the networ9
A I 1 . 1
18
2!
3
= =
&'rrent in 18 resistor
A I 1!
1
=
##lyin2 Kirchoffs 2nd law for o'tside loo#
##lyin2 Kirchoffs 2nd law for loo# 2
&'rrent in 1 resistor

A I !5 . !
9!
5 . 4
= =
! 9! 5 . 4 = I
3he networ9 shown is a 3 cells ha-in2
an internal resistance of 3! . &alc'late
the c'rrent in the networ9
! 3! 5 . 1 3! 5 . 1 3! 5 . 1 = + + I I I
##lyin2 Kirchoffs 2nd law
3he -olta2e dro# d'e to internal resistor is !.!5 :3!*1.5+
3h's there is no #otential different (etween two terminals
-)%$/.
-)%$/.
-)%$/.
!)"3
!)"3
!)"3
*
+ 4

4reate loops current rather than 0ranch

current

1se ,irchoffs second 5volta2e 6 law

Ohms law to calculate p$d

+ranch is calculated 0y takin2 the

al2e0raic sum of the loop currents

/3 '3
%3
#3 "3
(3
(3.
/3. %33.
/3 '3
%3
#3 "3
(3
(3.
/3. %33.
I
3
I
1
I
2
"
(
%
&alc'late the c'rrent in each (ranch
,irst create loo# c'rrent ;i.e 8
1
; 8
2
; 8
3
as shown

continue
3 2 1
4! 1!! 5! 7! I I I + =
( ) 4! 5! 1! 4! 5! 2! 5!
3 1 2
I I I + + = +
( ) 3! 5! 5! 3! 6! 2! 1!!
3 2 1
I I I + + =
3 2 1
9! 4! 3! ! I I I + =
3 2 1
3! 5! 14! 8! I I I =
4441(0
4441a0
( ) 4! 3! 4! 2! 3! !
2 1 3
I I I + + =
8n loo# 1
8n loo# 2
4441c0
8n loo# 3
/3 '3
%3
#3 "3
(3
(3.
/3. %33.
I
3
I
1
I
2
"
(
%

continue
A I 5! . 1
3
=
A I 65 . 1
1
=
A I 16 . 2
2
=
5ol-in2 these e6'ations
A I I 15 . !
3 1
= =
A I I 51 . !
1 2
= =
A I 5! . 1
3
= =
A I 16 . 2
2
= =
A I 65 . 1
1
= = &'rrent in 6!
A I I 66 . !
3 2
= =
8n direction of 8
1
&'rrent in 3! 8n direction of 8
1
&'rrent in 5!
&'rrent in 4!
&'rrent in 1!
&'rrent in 2!
8n direction of 8
2
8n direction of 8
2
8n direction of 8
2
8n direction of 8
3

4hoose reference node where all nodes

can refer

*ssi2n currents 2oin2 to7out the nodes

*ssi2n volta2e at nodes as .

%
8 .
(
8
.
"
9$which refer to reference node

*pply ,irchoffs current law at each node

!elate the volta2e 8 resistance andcurrent

usin2 ohms law

Solve the euations o0tained

%*
/
3
7
node % node (
reference
.
%
.
(
5im#lified
3 2 1
I I I + =
3 5
1
2 1 1
V V V
+ =
7 3
2 2 1
V V V
=

4 3
I I =
t node 1
1
3 3
1
5
1
2
1
=

+
V
V
<.1a0
&alc'late +
1
and +
2
t node 2
/
3
7
node % node (
reference
.
%
.
(
I
1
I
4
I
2
I
3
%*

continue
!
7
1
3
1
3
2
1
=

+ V
V
V V
3
1!
1
=
5im#lified
( ) ! 3 7 7
2 1
= + V V
2 1
1! 7 V V =
V V
3
7
3
1!
1!
7
2
= =
15
1!
35
8
1
1
=
V
V
1 2
1!
7
V V =
15 5 8
2 1
= V V
<..1(0
5ol-e for e6'ations 1a0 and 1(0
1(0 ) 21
1a0 ) 15
5'(stit'te +
2
we ha-e
/
3
7
node % node (
reference
.
%
.
(
I
1
I
4
I
2
I
3
%*

5im#lified
3 2 1
I I I + =
1! 15 5
4
2 1 1 1
V V V V
+ =

24 3 11
2 1
= V V
t node 1
2 1 2 1
3 3 2 6 24 V V V V + =
<.1a0
&alc'late +
1
and +
2
and
c'rrent in 8
Node %
/
#.
reference
node
.
(
Node (
'.
8
%/
12
10
.
%
Node %
/
#.
reference
node
.
(
Node (
'.
8
%/
12
10
.
%
I
1
I
2
I
4
I
5
I
3

continue
Node %
/
#.
reference
node
.
(
Node (
'.
8
%/
12
10
.
%
I
1
I
2
I
4
I
5
I
3
5im#lified
5 4 3
I I I + =
12
6
8 1!
2 2 2 1

+ =
V V V V
6! 37 12
2 1
= V V
V V 55 . 2
2
=
t node 2
6! 1! 15 12 12
2 2 2 1
+ = V V V V
<.1(0
5ol-in2 the sim'ltaneo's e6'ations 1a0 and 1(0
V V 88 . 2
1
=
A
V
I 32 . !
8
2
8
= =

The superposition states that in any network
containin2 more than one source 8 the current
in 8 or the p$d$ across in any 0ranch can 0e
found 0y considerin2 each source separately
and addin2 their effects: omitted sources of
e$m$f are replaced 0y resistance eual to
their internal resistances$

Separating the network into several circuit contenting
only one source
I
%
I
%c
I
%c;
I
(c
I
%0
I
%;
I
(
I
(
I
(c
I
%0;
I
(0
I
(0
%
%
%
%&
%& %&
2
2 2
10V
10V
20V
20V
Ori2inal network
Separatin2 into ( networks

Network %
3otal resistance
A
R
V
I
total
b
57 . 3
8 . 2
1!
1
= = =
=
+

+ 8 . 2
18 2
18 2
1
A I I
b b
36 . ! 21 . 3 57 . 3
2 1
= = +
A I
b
21 . 3 57 . 3
18 2
18
2
=
+
=
lso
3h's
and
I
%0
I
%0;
I
(0
I
(0
% %& 2
10V

Network (
3otal resistance
A
R
V
I
total
c
78 . 6
95 . 2
2!
2
= = =
=
+

+ 95 . 2
18 1
18 1
2
A I I
c c
36 . ! 42 . 6 78 . 6
1 2
= = +
A I
c
42 . 6 78 . 6
18 1
18
1
=
+
=
lso
3h's
and
I
%c
I
%c;
I
(c
I
(c
%
%& 2
20V

com0ination
A I I I
c b
85 . 2 42 . 6 57 . 3
1 1 1
= = + =
A I I 72 . ! 57 . 3 85 . 2
2 1
= + = +
A I I I
c b
57 . 3 78 . 6 21 . 3
2 2 2
= + = + =
lso
3h's
and
I
%
I
%;
I
(
I
(
% %& 2
10V
20V