6/20/2014

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH

THE MOST MERCIFUL AND
THE MOST BENEFICIAL
6/20/2014
POWER ELECTRONICS
Presented By:
Engr.Tafseer Ahmed
BS in Electrical (Electronics) Engineering
CIIT, Abbottabad
a.tafseer@gmail.com
6/20/2014
What is Power Electronics
Power electronics deals with the
applications of power semiconductor
devices such as Thyristor and transistors
for the conversion and control of electrical
energy at high power levels.
6/20/2014 6/20/2014
4
Relationship of Power Electronics
6/20/2014
Elements of Power Electronics
Analogue circuits
Control Systems
Power Systems
Electronics Devices
Electric Machines
Numerical Simulation

6/20/2014

POWER ELECTRONICS MAIN AREAS
As the technology for the power semiconductor devices and integrated
circuit develops, the potential for applications of power electronics become
wider. The power semiconductor devices or power electronic converter fall
generally into four categories :
Thyristor Devices
AC to DC Converter (Controlled Rectifier)
DC to DC Converter (DC Chopper)
AC to AC Converter (AC voltage regulator)
DC to AC Converter (Inverter)



6/20/2014
Diagram Block of Converters
6/20/2014
AC to DC Converters: An AC to DC converter circuit can convert AC
voltage into a DC voltage. The DC output voltage can be controlled by varying
the firing angle of the thyristors. The AC input voltage could be a single phase or
three phase.

AC to AC Converters: This converters can convert from a fixed ac input voltage
into variable AC output voltage. The output voltage is controlled by varying
firing angle of TRIAC. These type converters are known as AC voltage
regulators.

DC to DC Converters : These converters can converte a fixed DC input voltage
into variable DC voltage or vice versa. The DC output voltage is controlled by
varying of duty cycle.
DC to AC Converters: These converters can convert a constant DC input voltage
into a variable AC voltage with variable frequency.

6/20/2014

9
6/20/2014

10
6/20/2014

11
6/20/2014

12
6/20/2014
1.Uncontrolled turn on and off (Power Diode)
2.Controlled turn on uncontrolled turn off (Thyristors)
3.Controlled turn on and off characteristic (Power Transistor, BJT,
MOSFET, GTO, IGBT)
4.Continuous gate signal requirement (BJT, MOSFET, IGBT)
5.Pulse gate requirement (SCR(Silicon-Controlled Rectifier) , GTO)
6.Bidirectional current capability (TRIAC)
7.Undirectionalcurrent capability (SCR, GTO, BJT, MOSFET,
IGBT)



POWER ELECTRONIC SWITCHING
DEVICES

6/20/2014
COMMONLY USED DEVICES
Power Diodes
Power Transistors
Thyristor Family
SCR( Silicon Controlled Rectifier)
SCS( Silicon controlled Switch)
GTO( Gate Turnoff Thyristor )
The DIAC
The TRIAC
MCT( The MOS-Controlled Thyristor)



6/20/2014
Devices Along with Symbols &
Characteristics
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 16
Power Ratings of Devices
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 17
Ratings of Power Devices
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 18
Applications of Power Devices
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 19
Control Characteristics of Devices
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 20
Control Characteristics of Devices
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 21
Uncontrolled Rectifiers (AC to DC)
( )
2
m
o average
V
V
t
=
6/20/2014
Controlled Rectifier( AC to DC)
AC to DC Converters
-Single phase, half wave AC to DC converter





Input voltage

Output average voltage :
rms value of Output voltage :
Waveform of single-phase, half wave AC to DC converter
6/20/2014 23
AC-DC Rectifier( Full Wave)
6/20/2014



6/20/2014 24
( ) (1 cos )
m
o
V
V average o
t
= +
1 sin2
(( ) )
2
2
m
rms
V
V
o
t o
t
= +
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 25
AC-AC (Voltage Regulator)
1/ 2
( )
1 sin 2
2
2
m
o rms
V
V
o
t o
t
(
| |
= +
|
(
\ .

6/20/2014 6/20/2014 26

AC to DC Converters
Single phase, Full wave AC to DC converter

The average output voltage can be found from :
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 27


AC to DC Converters
Three-phase, Half wave AC to DC converter

If the phase voltage is : van= Vm Sin(wt). The
average output voltage for a continuous load current is :
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 28


AC to DC Converters
Three-phase, Full Wave AC to DC converter

6/20/2014 6/20/2014 29
DC-DC CONVERTER (DC Chopper)

In many industrial application , DC-DC converter is required to
convert a fixed-voltage DC source into a variable-voltage DC source.
Like a transformer, DC-DC converter can be used to step down or
step up a DC voltage source.
Application :
Traction motor control in electric automobiles, trolley cars, marine
hoists, forklift trucks, mine haulers, etc
Advantages :
High Efficiency and fast dynamic response

6/20/2014 6/20/2014 30

DC-DC CONVERTER (DC Chopper)
Principle Of Step-Down Operation

When the switch SW is closed for a time t1, the input voltage Vs appears across
the load Vo = Vs. If the switch remains off a time t2, the voltage across the load is
zero, Vo= 0.
The converter switch SW can be implemented by using Transistor, MOSFET,
GTO, IGBT, BJT, etc.
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 31
The average output voltage is given by :
The average output current is given by :
The rms output voltage is given by :
=

Where : T is the chopping period
k =t1/T is the duty cycle
f =1/T is chopping frequency
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 32

STEP UP DC to DC CONVERTER

When switch SW is closed for t1, the inductor current rises and energy is
stored in the inductor L. If the switch SW is opened for time t2, the energy
stored in the inductor is transferred to load through diode D1and the
inductor current falls.
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 33
When this DC to DC converter is turned on switch SW is closed, the
voltage across the inductor L is :
And this gives the peak-to-peak ripple current in inductor as
The average output voltage is :
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 34


Buck Boost Regulators

A buck boost Regulator provides an output voltage that may be less

than or greater than the input voltage- hence the name "buck-boost";
the output voltage polarity is opposite to that of the input voltage. this
regulator is also known as an inverting regulator.

The circuit operation can be divided into two modes. during mode 1,
transistor Q1 is turned on and diode Dm is reversed biased. the input
current, which rises flows through inductor L and transistor Q1. During
mode 2, transistor Q1 is switched off and the current, which was flowing
through inductor L, would flow through L, C, Dm, and the load. The
energy stored in inductor L would be transferred to the load and the
inductor current would fall until transistor Q1 is switched on again in
the next cycle. The equivalent circuit for the modes are shown in the
next slide.



6/20/2014 6/20/2014 35
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 36
DC-AC Converter (Inverter)
1( )
4
0.90
2
s
o rms fundamental S
V
V V
t

= =
6/20/2014

37
6/20/2014

38
6/20/2014 6/20/2014 39
Examples of
Some
Applications
6/20/2014