SCOPE FOR PT PHYSICS

4
1. Origin of Electricity & Coulombs Law
2. Ohms law
3. Series Circuit
4. Parallel Circuit
5. Household Electricity
6. Research 1-6
(Methodology, Data Gathering Techniques,
Biostastistical Treatment.
Data and Results and Analysis and
Interpretation, Summary, Conclusion, and
Recommendation, and Bibliography


Reminders for The PT 4
1. Bring you scientific calculator.
2. No borrowing of calculator.
Origin of electricity
Alessandro Volta
- Discovery of dry cell/battery

Michael Faraday
Invented generator, electric motor, and
transformer

Benjamin Franklin
- Discovery of the lightning rod



Coulombs Law
states that the electric force between the
two objects
- is directly proportional to the product of
their charges
- but inversely proportional to the square
of distance between them
Rubbing together two different objects with
different charges
- Allows both objects to acquire a charge
or to produce attraction between them

Rubbing together two different objects with
same charges
- Produces repulsion
If charges repel or attract, then how
strong is this attractive or repulsive
force?
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
discovered the law that describes the
electric force between charged particles.
Coulombs Law

If charges repel or attract, then how
strong is this attractive or repulsive
force?
Coulombs Law

where:


Meaning Unit Unit symbol
F Electrical force Newton
N
q Magnitude of charges
(without sign)
Coulomb
C
d Distance Meter
m
K Coulomb constant Newton-meter
squared over
coulomb
squared
Practice Exercise
Object A has a positive charge of 2.1 x 10
-
13
C.
Object B has a negative charge of 9 x 10
-4
C.
Calculate the electrical force with them if the
distance between them is 8 x 10
3
m.

Answer: 2.66 x 10
-14
N

Ohms Law
states that the current
- is directly proportional to the voltage
- but inversely proportional to the
resistance

Ammeter
- Measures electric current/flow of
- electrons
Amount of resistance
- Depends on the materials used in
making the electric wire

Length of the wire = amount of resistance
Area of the wire amount of resistance
Temperature of the wire = amount of
resistance
Amount Current amount of temperature

Switch
- used to turn on or off the current flowing
through an object
Resistance vs length of wire

- Resistance varies directly with the
length of the extension cord

- Long extension cords have greater
resistance and reduce the current
flowing to the appliance.

A. Circuit
Circuit
closed path through which
electrons can flow
Simple Circuit

Closed circuit circuit with no gaps or
breaks.

A. Potential Difference
Potential Difference (voltage)
difference in electrical potential between two
places
large separation of charge creates high
voltage
the push that causes e
-
to move from - to +
measured in volts (V)
B. Current
Current
flow of electrons through a conductor
depends on # of e
-
passing a point in a given
time
measured in amperes (A)
C. Resistance
Resistance
opposition the flow of electrons
electrical energy is converted to thermal
energy & light
measured in ohms ()
Copper - low resistance Tungsten - high resistance
C. Resistance
Resistance depends on
the conductor
wire thickness
less
resistance in
thicker wires
wire length
less resistance in shorter wires
temp - less resistance at low
temps
D. Ohms Law
Ohms Law
States that
current is directly
proportional to the voltage and
inversely proportional to the
resistance.

E. Ohms Law
Ohms Law
V = I R
V: potential
difference
(V)
I: current (A)
R: resistance
()
Voltage increases when current increases.
Voltage decreases when resistance increases.
Sample Problem
How much voltage is applied to an
appliance when 0.75 A of current flow
through it with a resistance of 160 .

Answer: V = 120 V
Lights in a Series
Current in a series
connection
the more the number of dry cells used,
the greater the current produced.

Current is the same at all points



SERIES CIRCUIT
QUANTITY SERIES CIRCUIT
Current
The current that flows through each resistance is the
same as the total current throughout the circuit.
I
T
=I
1
=I
2
=I
3
=....=I
n
Voltage
The sum of all the individual voltage drops is the
same as the applied voltage or electromotive force
(emf).
V
T
= V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
+ ...+ V
n

Resistance
The total resistance is equal to the sum of the
individual resistances
R
T
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
+ ...+ R
n

Sample problem
1. A TV set , a stove and flat iron are connected in
series to 220-V line. The resistance of the TV set
is 20, the stove , 50 and the flat iron, 35 .
Find the following:
a. The total resistance
b. The amount of current flowing in each device
c. The voltage drop across each device
Answers
a. R
T
= 105
b. I
T
= 2.10 A
c. V
1
= 42 V
V
2
= 105 V
V
3
= 73.5 V
V
T
= 220 V
Lights in Parallel
Household electricity
1. Avoid octopus connections.
- This draws more electricity/high current than the
wires are suppose to handle, causing the wires to
overheat, which can then cause a fire.

Voltage in Parallel
Voltage is the same
across each branch
because each branch
is on the same wire
Parallel:
If you add more resistors:
Total resistance goes
down or decreases
Total current goes up
when you add another
path
Parallel Connection
- Normal connection of household
appliances so that they can work
independently of others.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
QUANTITY PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Current
The total current that flows through the circuit is
equal to the sum of the currents in separate
resistances.
I
T
=I
1
+I
2
+ I
3
+....+I
n
Voltage
The voltage drop in each resistance is the same as
the magnitude of the applied voltage or electromotive
force (emf).
V
T
= V
1
= V
2
= V
3
= ...= V
n

Resistance
The reciprocal of the total resistance is equal to the
sum of the reciprocals of the separate resistances.
1 1 1 1 1
R
T
= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
+ ...+ R
n

Sample problem
A refrigerator and a rice cooker are
connected in parallel to 220-V line. The
current in the refrigerator is
10 A and in the rice cooker is 4 A. Find:
a. The resistance of each device
b. the total resistance
c. The current flowing in the line

Answers
a. R1 = 22
R2 = 55

b. R
T =
15. 71

c. I
T
= 14 A


2. Electrical appliances are provided with ground
wire or circuit protective conductor. It directs the
current to the ground instead of shocking you if
you touch the appliance to which it is attached.
Grounding
prevents electrical accidents
an electrical connection between the appliance
and the earth or any conductor with zero potential
3. Connect your T.V. antenna to a metal
rod that is driven into the ground.
- If lightning strikes the antenna, the rod
provides the easiest path of the charges.

4. It is advisable to unplug electrical
appliances during blackouts.
- To protect them from power surge upon
restoration of the electric current.

- step-by-step process or
correct sequence.
-- also called experimentation
-- can be explained using
pictures with captions.
methodology
The actual materials used should be
complete , available , and in specific
quantities.
Research 2: Data Gathering
Techniques
Data can be gathered using instruments
like observation, checklist, rating scales,
questionnaire.

Research 3: Biostatistical
Treatment
The validity of the data and results will
be tested using different statistical tools
like t-test ANOVA test and correlation.
Data and Results
- presented based on the methodology
-- organized using tables and graphs.
Analysis and Interpretation

-constructed based on data and results
-- an explanation for the data and
results
-- analysis should be done before the
interpretation of results.

Summary
-Starts with the main problem and ends with the conclusion.
Conclusion
-final answer to the main problem
-- explains the acceptance of the
alternative or null hypothesis.
-- based on the analysis and
interpretation.


Recommendation
- gives suggestions of alternative
materials or processes that can be
used to improve the research study.
- can be a totally new research study
Bibliography
-Includes the list of source materials
or references
-- it can be grouped according to
types
-alphabetically arranged according to
authors or titles.
-Concluding part of research