Routing Protocol Basics

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Course Objectives
Know route concept and its functions
Understand meanings and functions of
parameters in routing table
Know routing protocols and their
classification
Know common routing protocols
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Course Outline
Chapter I Route and Routing Table
Chapter II Routing Protocol Principle
Chapter III Common Routing Protocols
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Course Contents
Chapter I Route and Routing Table
Route Concept
Routing Table
Route Match Principle

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172.17.3.0
172.16.2.0 10.120.2.0
Routing Table
Path used to direct IP packet forwarding





Route
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Course Contents
Chapter I Route and Routing Table
Route Concept
Routing Table
Route Match Principle

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Routing table records routing information of all network
segments learned by router
Routing information contains the next hop for IP
packets to be forwarded to destination network segment
Routing table is stored in RAM of router and routing
information will be cleared after reboot.
Routing Table
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ZXR10#show ip route
IPv4 Routing Table:
Dest Mask Gw Interface Owner pri metric
10.26.32.0 255.255.255.0 10.26.245.5 fei_1/1 bgp 200 0
10.26.33.253 255.255.255.255 10.26.245.5 fei_1/1 ospf 110 14
10.26.33.254 255.255.255.255 10.26.245.5 fei_1/1 ospf 110 13
10.26.36.0 255.255.255.248 10.26.36.2 gei_5/2.1 direct 0 0
10.26.36.2 255.255.255.255 10.26.36.2 gei_5/2.1 address 0 0
10.26.36.24 255.255.255.248 10.26.36.26 gei_5/2.4 direct 0 0
10.26.245.4 255.255.255.252 10.26.245.6 fei_1/1 direct 0 0
10.26.245.6 255.255.255.255 10.26.245.6 fei_1/1 address 0 0
Routing Table Details
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Dest Address of destination network
Mask Mask of destination network
Gw Interface address of neighbor router, i.e. IP address of
next hop on this route
Interface Interface of local router via which to get next hop
Owner It indicates how the routing information is learned
Pri Priority indicates the precedence of routing information
coming from different owners
metric Metric indicates the cost of each probable route and the
route with the smallest metric value is the optimal route
Meaning of Parameters in Routing Table
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There are three kinds of owners as follows:
Direct-connect route: direct
Route from router to its direct-connected network segment
Route discovered by link layer protocol
Static route: static
Route configured manually
Not change with changing of network topology
Dynamic route: RIP route, OSPF route, ISIS route and BGP
route etc.
Generated by dynamic routing protocols
Routing information can be modified according to corresponding
changes of network topology

Classification of Owner
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Owner of direct-connect route is Direct, routing priority is 0, and the route
has the highest routing priority. Its metric value is 0, indicating the route
has the smallest metric value.
Direct-connect route changes automatically in the routing table with
changes of interface state

Direct-Connect Route
192.168.0.1/30
192.168.0.2/30
10.0.0.1/24
172.16.0.1/24
A
IPv4 Routing Table:
Dest Mask Gw Interface Owner pri metric

10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1 fei_0/1 direct 0 0
10.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 10.0.0.1 fei_0/1 address 0 0
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.252 192.168.0.1 e1_1 direct 0 0
192.168.0.1 255.255.255.255 192.168.0.1 e1_1 address 0 0
B
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Owner of static route in routing table is Static, routing priority is 1 and its
metric value is 0.
Static route will not change automatically with changes of network topology
Static Route
ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

Stub Network
172.16.2.1
172.16.1.0
B
172.16.2.2
Network
10.0.0.0
B A
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Default route is an entry in routing table, used to indicate how data
packets with next hops not listed in routing table definitely are forwarded.
Default route can be configured on egress router of a trunk Network who
has only one egress and the default route can access Unknown
destination networks.
Default Route
Stub Network
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

172.16.2.1
172.16.1.0
172.16.2.2
Network
A B
B
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Self-loop indicates that a packet is sent out from one router and
returns to this original router after several forwarding. Self-loop
occurs due to that there is something wrong with routing tables of
partial routers. It may be caused by wrong configuration of static
route and sometimes dynamic routing protocol can also generate
mistakes.

Self-loop does great damages to network, so must be avoided.

Self Loop
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The smaller the value, the higher the priority
If multiple routes who have the same destination network segment
are available, IP packet prefers the route with highest priority for
forwarding
Connected interface 0
Static route out an interface 0
Static route to a next hop 1
External BGP 20
OSPF 110
IS-IS 115
RIP v1, v2 120
EGP 140
Internal BGP 200
Unknown 255
Route Source Default Distance
Priority
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It is used to calculate the cost to destination address
56
E1
56
E1
B
A
Hop count
RIP
Metric
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Common path attributes used for metric calculation
Hop Count: The number of routers via which a packet reaches its
destination; the less the hop count, the route is preferred; a path is
often described by the hop count to a destination;
Bandwidth: Link capability to transmit packets;
Delay: Time used to transmit packet from source address to
destination address;
Load: Consumption of network sources, such as routers and links;
Reliability: Error rate on each network link;
MTU: Maximum packet unit that can be transmitted through the port
One or more above attributes are selected for each routing protocol
to calculate metric
Its meaningless to compare metric values of different routing
protocols

Calculation of Metrics
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Course Contents
Chapter I Route and Routing Table
Route Concept
Routing Table
Route Match Principle

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The said Longest Match means to choose a route with the longest
sub-net mask to the same destination in routing table for route lookup.

ZXR10#show ip route
IPv4 Routing Table:
Dest Mask Gw Interface Owner pri metric
1.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_0/1.1 direct 0 0
1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 1.1.1.1 fei_0/1.1 address 0 0
2.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 2.1.1.1 fei_0/1.2 direct 0 0
2.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 2.1.1.1 fei_0/1.2 address 0 0
3.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 3.1.1.1 fei_0/1.3 direct 0 0
3.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 3.1.1.1 fei_0/1.3 address 0 0
10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_0/1.1 ospf 110 10
10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 2.1.1.1 fei_0/1.2 static 1 0
10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 3.1.1.1 fei_0/1.3 rip 120 5
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 1.1.1.1 fei_0/1.1 static 0 0
10.1.1.1?
Match PrincipleLongest Match
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Course Contents
Chapter II Routing Protocol Principle
Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview
Routing Protocol Classification
Route Performance Index
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As for dynamic route, administrator no more needs to maintain routing table
on router manually just as does for static route. Instead, one routing protocol
is enabled on each router. This routing protocol will generate route entries in
routing table according to interface configuration (e.g. configuration of IP
address) on router and state of connected link.
Dynamic Routing Protocol (1)
Network N1
Network N2

B
A
A
D
B C
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Function
Maintain routing information
Set up routing table
Decide the optimal route
Strengths
Adapt to changes of network state automatically
Maintain routing information automatically, needing no interference of
network administrator
Shortcomings
Routing information needs to be exchanged for dynamic routing protocol,
for which network bandwidth and system resources will be occupied
Security is not as good as that for static route
Dynamic routing protocol applies to complicated networking
environment with redundant connections
Dynamic Routing Protocol (2)
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Course Contents
Chapter II Routing Protocol Principle
Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview
Routing Protocol Classification
Route Performance Indicator
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All dynamic routing protocols belong to application layer of TCP/IP
protocol stack. But different routing protocols have different
underlying protocols.
Location of Routing Protocol in Protocol Stack
BGP
TCP
IP
Data Link Layer
UDP
RIP OSPF
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Distance-vector routing protocol
Adopt DV (Distance-Vector) algorithm
Include RIP and BGP etc.
Neighboring routers exchange the entire routing tables mutually and
perform vector overlap, and finally learn the entire routing tables
Link State Routing Protocol
Adopt LS (Link State) algorithm
Include OSPF and ISIS etc.
Link state is layered. Instead of simply learning routes from
neighboring routers, routers performing this algorithm are divided into
several areas. Each router collects link state information of all routers
in the area and network topology structure is generated according to
this link state information, and then each router calculates routes
according to topology structure diagram.
Classification by Routing Algorithm
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IGP: Enabled inside autonomous system, used to discover and
calculate routes; include RIP, OSPF and ISIS etc.
EGP: Enabled between autonomous systems, used to transmit
routes; include BGP and EGP etc.
Autonomous system (AS): A collection of networks under the
management of the same technology
Classification by Working Area
AS 65000
AS 65500
IGPs: RIP, OSPF, IS-IS

EGPs: BGP,EGP
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Unicast Routing Protocol
Include RIP, OSPF, ISIS, IGRP and BGP etc.


Multicast Routing Protocol
Include DVMRP, PIM-SM, PIM-DM, MOSPF and MBGP etc.


Classification by Routing Type
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Routing protocol A can only distribute and learn protocol B known by
A itself.
Protocol B known by A indicates: Protocol enabled on one interface, or
protocol whose routes are in routing table.
To learn the other routes, operation Redistribute is needed.
Redistribute indicates: Look up the route to be imported in routing table
of local router, and if found, distribute it as a known route.
Static routes and direct routes are most often redistributed.

Cooperation among Routing Protocols
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Course Contents
Chapter II Routing Protocol Principle
Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview
Routing Protocol Classification
Route Performance Index
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Correctness:
Correctly find out the optimal path with no self-loop
Rapid Convergence:
When topology structure changes, routes can change
correspondingly inside AS
Low Overhead:
Overhead by protocol itself (occupied CPU/memory etc.)
Security:
Protocol is invulnerable
Adaptability:
Adapt to various network topologies and scales
Route Performance Index
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Comparison of Existing Routing Protocols
RIP1 IS-IS EIGRP IGRP RIP2 OSPF BGP
With Self-Loop Problem With No Self-Loop Problem
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Course Contents
Chapter III Common Routing Protocols
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Routing Information Protocol is a kind of traditional distance-vector
algorithm routing protocol, selecting the optimal route by calculating
the fewest hop count to destination.
For RIP protocol, the most hop count is 15. In case hop count is
more than 15, RIP protocol believes that the destination is
unreachable
RIP has two versions: V1 and V2, where V1 sends packets in mode
of broadcast, not supporting sub-net mask and V2 sends packets in
mode of multicast, supporting sub-net mask.
RIP protocol only applies to middle/small size networks.
RIP
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Open Shortest Path First is a kind of link state routing protocol.
Each OSPF router maintains the same network topology database,
with which one shortest path tree (SPT) forms to calculate routing
table.
OSPF adopts layered structure, separating AS to different areas to
reduce the time of route recalculation, which enables OSPF to be
used for large scale networks.
OSPF has a faster convergence speed than RIP, and during the
process of updating routing information, it generates less traffics.

OSPF
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Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) routing
protocol is proposed by ISO.
One router is intermediate system (IS), one host is end system
(ES), the protocol enabled between host and router is called ES-IS
and protocol enabled between routers is called IS-IS.
ISIS is a kind of link state protocol. Similar to OSPF protocol in
TCP/IP network, ISIS protocol also seeks for neighboring nodes
via Hello packets and sends link information via transfer protocol
There is a non-technical problem: ISIS is limited by OSI, which
made it develop more slowly than OSPF. But now ISIS is
expanded a lot in RFC (Integrated), which makes it develop more
easily and simply than OSPF to support new requirements, such
as IPV6 and TE etc.
ISIS
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Border Gateway Protocol is a kind of inter-AS routing protocol,
mainly used to exchange reachable network information with other
BGP systems.
BGP belongs to exterior gateway routing protocol, used to realize
inter-AS loop-free inter-domain routing.
BGP includes IBGP (Internal BGP) and EBGP (External BGP):
IBGP indicates BGP connections among routers within one single AS;
EBGP indicates BGP connections between ASs.
BGP
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What is route and what functions does it have?
Tell parameters used in routing table
Tell priorities of different owners
What are functions of dynamic routing protocol?
Tell locations of RIP, OSPF and BGP in protocol stack
According to routing algorithm, how many types are there for
routing protocols? What are they? And what are their features?
What are performance index to estimate routes?
Tell common routing protocols
Summary