Cardiovascular

Prepared by:
Minerva A. Cobus
Overview of Cardiovascular
system
The Cardiovascular system consists of the
heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The
major functions are circulation of blood
delivery of oxygen and other nutrients ot
the tissue of the body.
HEART
Heart
Is a muscular pump that propels blood
into the arterial system and receives
blood from the venous system
Heart wall
A. Pericardium a sac that functions to
protect the heart from friction
B. Epicardium covers surface of the
heart, extends into great vessels, and
becomes continuous with inner lining
of the pericardium
C. Myocardium muscular portion of the
heart
D. Endocardium thin delicate layer of
the tissue that lines chambers and
covers surface of the heart valves.
Chambers of the heart
A. Atria: two chambers, function as
receiving chambers, lie above the
ventricles.
1. Right atrium: receives systemic venous
blood through the superior vena cava,
inferior vena cava.
2. Left atrium: receives oxygenated blood
returning to the heart from the lungs
through the pulmonary veins.
Chambers of the heart
B. Ventricles: two thick walled chambers;
major responsibility fro forcing blood out
of the heart; lie below the atria.
1. Right ventricle: contracts and propels
deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary
artery.
2. Left ventricle: propels blood into the systemic
circulation via the aorta.
Valves
Are strong membranous openings that
provide one-way flow of blood.
A. Atrioveticular valves (AV)
1. Tricuspid
2. Mitral
Valves
A. Semilunar valves
1. Pulmonic
2. Aortic
B. Function
1. Close when backward pressure pushes
blood back wards
2. Open when forward pressure forces
blood in a forward direction
Conduction System
A. Sinoatrial node (SA)- main pace maker of
heart in which normal rhythmic self-
excitatory impulse is generated
B. Internodal pathway- transmission of
electrical impulses through atria from SA
node to AV node.
C. Atrioventricular node (AV)- delays impulse
from the atria while the ventricles fill.
D. Bundle of His- conduct the electrical
impulses from the atria into ventricles.
E. Purkinje fibers conduct impulses to all
parts of the ventricles
Coronary Blood
Supply/Circulation
A. Coronary Arteries: branch of at the base of
aorta and supply blood to the myocardium
and the conduction system.
B. Coronary veins: return blood from the
myocardium back to the right atrium via
the coronary sinus
Regulation of
Cardiac Muscle Principle
1. Frank Starling Law: the greater the heart
is filled the greater the quantity of blood
pumped.
2. All or none principle: cardiac muscle either
contracts or does not contract when
stimulated
Properties of Cardiac Cells
1. Automaticity ability to initiate an
electrical impulse w/o external stimuli
2. Conductivity ability to transmit electrical
impulse
3. Contractility ability of muscle to shorten
with electrical stimulation
4. Excitability (irritability) ability to be
stimulated
5. Refractoriness- ability to return cells to
resting state.