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Components:
Digestive tract and Digestive
glands.
Functions:
Obtain molecules necessary
for the body from ingested
food.
A protective barrier for the
body.
tip
Ventral
surface
V-shaped
V-shaped boundary, which boundary
Foliate
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Fg
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
FL
Foliate
Fg
FL
Taste bud
There are 10,000 TB in your mouth, which present in the epi. of fungiform
papillae, circumvallate papillae, foliate papillae, etc.
The particles represent tastants. When these tastants, throug the taste
pore, touch the microvilli of taste cells, the cells will depolarize and release
neurotransmitters. Then these transmitters react with their receptors of
ends of afferent nerve fibers and make the fibers impulse. As the impulse
is transported into the brain the taste forms.
The same taste bud can respond to 4 types of taste (sweet, sour,
salty and bitter). The sweet and salty is less sensitive, but bitter is
most sensitive.
Brief summary
The general structure of the tongue.
The papillae in the tongue: Filiform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Circumvallate papillae
Foliate papillae
The taste bud: including taste cell, support cell
and basal cell
responding to sweet, sour, salty
and bitter
Part two
Esophagus, Stomach
and Intestine
adventitia
Except oral cavity and pharynx, all organs share a similar histological
plan: a hollow tube composed of a lumen surrounded by a wall.
The wall includes: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and adventitia.
3. General structure in details M
4) Adventitia
Serosa: LCT + mesothelium (mesentery)
Fibrosa: LCT
Folds: mucosa and part of submucosa
A
Esophagus Epi
Mucosa
1) Mucosa:
LP
epithelium: stratified squamous epi.
MM
lamina propria: loose CT
muscularis mucosa: SM
SM
Mucularis
F
3) Muscularis:
inner circular and outer longitudinal
Proximal end: only skeletal M
Middle portion: mixture of
skeletal and smooth M
Distal end: only smooth M
4) Adventitia: fibrosa
Functions:
Transport food from the mouth
to the stomach.
Prevent the retrograde flow of
gastric contents.
Stomach
Functions:
store food temporarily
digest protein primarily
absorb part of water and Ion
Structures:
The stomach includes 4 portions:
fundus, cardia, body, pylorus
Folds or rugae.
The wall is composed of 4 layers:
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and
adventitia.
Mucosa and muscularis have some special
features .
I. Mucosa of stomach
Mucosa is composed of 3 sublayers.
① Epithelium: simple columnar epi
Surface mucous cell:
Structures:
LM: Tall columnar, ovoid and basally-
located nucleus. The apical parts are filled
with mucin granules. Cells look empty
with HE staining.
EM: Tight junction
Functions:
Secreting alkaline mucus, which form
Mucous barrier to protect mucosa against
the damage of the gastric acids and
enzymes in the lumen.
② lamina propria:
The epithelium dips into the lamina
propria to form gastric pits.
Deep to gastric pits, the lamina
propria is packed with numerous
gastric glands and scanty CT.
There’re 3 types of gastric gland:
Main gastric gland, cardiac gland and
pyloric gland.
Gastric pit
Main gastric glands
Distribution:
The glands open into gastric pits. Each pit can receive the
opening of several glands.
Chief cells
2. Parietal cell or oxyntic cell
Distribution: more numerous in the upper half of the gland.
Structures:
LM: large, pyramidal with round and central-located nucleus.
The cytoplasm is strongly acidophilic.
EM: Intracellular canaliculus (IC), which bear microvilli in the
wall. Tubulovesicles (TV) and Abundant Mitochondria (acidophilic).
Functions: secrete hydrochloric acid and produce intrinsic factor.
Active cell
Parietal cell
Resting cell
Function of Hydrochloric acids
Pepsin
pH0.9-1.5
Peptides
Function of intrinsic factor
Intrinsic factor
Complex Formation of erythrocytes
Vitamin B12
3. Mucous neck cell
Distribution: neck part of the gland.
Structures: Columnar cells, A flattened and basally-located
Nucleus
The cytoplasm is pale-stained in HE staining.
Functions: mucus secretion.
4. undifferentiated cell : can multiply to replace other cells and
play an important role in healing.
5. Endocrine cell:
Cardiac glands and pyloric glands
Distribution:
Function:
Structure:
II Muscularis
Well developed in stomach.
Duodenum: 25 cm long
Jejunum: 2 meters long
Ileum: 3 meters long
Functions:
The small intestine is the site of terminal food digestion, nutrient
absorption and endocrine secretion.
The processes of the digestion are completed in the small intestine.
The nutrients are absorbed by the epithelial cells.
Structure:
The wall of the small intestine includes 4 layers:
Serosa
correspond exactly to the description
Muscularis
Submucosa: be also typical, except duodenum
Mucosa exhibit several special features, will be described
below.
Villi
Mucosa
Lamina propria
Submucosa
Muscularis
Crypts
Mucosa
Villi
Crypts
The epithelium of Mucosa
The epithelium of mucosa of small intestine is simple columnar epi.
Epi. of villi contains predominant columnar cells, specialized for
absorption and mucous secreting goblet cells.
Structures:
Mucosa: numerous crescent-
Mucosa
shaped folds, no villus and no circular
folds. Well-developed large intestinal Fold
glands in lamina propria.
Submucosa
Submucosa: CT with fat cells.
Muscularis: 2 sublayers SM.
Muscularis
Inner circular layer is thick,
Outer longitudinal layer is thin,
and form 3 thick bands—taenia coli
Adventitia: Serosa, except posterior ascending and descending
colon.
Mucosa
Lined by simple columnar epi. and the lamina propria is filled with
tubular glands.
The cells in the epithelium and glands: 4 types of cells.
Columnar cells: absorb water and Ions, secrete mucus
Goblet cells: secrete mucus.
Undifferetiated cells: multiply and
renew other cells.
Endocrine cells (describe below)
Functions:
absorb water and ions
secrete mucus
Appendix