VA One SEA v2010.5 RFI & AWI Rev A-02

Copyright ESI Group, 2011. All rights reserved.
1 1
Predicting the transmission of noise and vibration
through complex structures at higher frequencies

Robert Fiedler & Anders Wilson
ESI VA Central Support
VA One SEA training course
1960 2000
Copyright ESI Group, 2011. All rights reserved. 2 2
SEA Module: Subsystems
Based on the market leader AutoSEA2
Subsystems:
Beam
Ring beam
Flat plates
Singly curved shell
Cylinder
Doubly curved shell
1D cavity
3D cavity
Semi Infinite Fluid
Model courtesy of
Boeing Commercial Aircraft
Model courtesy of
Freightliner
VA One a VA toolbox
One envioronment for all methods
Model
Database
Integrated solvers
Use appropriate method based on physics, not on
software
SEA
structure
SEA
cavity
SEA
SIF
FE
structure
FE
fluid
BEM
fluid
PEM
Vibro-acoustic subsystems
SEA
structure
SEA
cavity
SEA
SIF
FE
structure
FE
fluid
BEM
fluid
PEM
SEA
VA One
Main modules in VA One
VA One
Model structure
with FE
Model bounded or
unbounded fluids
with BEM
Model bounded
fluids with FE
Couple FE and SEA
together for fast
models at mid-
frequencies
Quick system level
models of complex
systems at high
frequencies
Extension modules
for customization
and advanced
analysis
What sort of system?
Exterior Noise Interior Noise
Vibration, Fatigue
Copyright ESI Group, 2011. All rights reserved. 7
GENERAL MODELING
APPROACH
Quantify sources
hard drive
fan
Sources: Inject energies into a system
Structural
Acoustic
Quantify sources
Quantify paths
hard drive
fan
Injected energy propagates through the system
Structure-borne sound
Air-borne sound
Quantify response
hard drive
fan
The radiated noise is then incident on one or more receiving locations
of interest
Source 2 Path 2 receiver
Source 1 Path 1
Modify
sources
(frequency
content,
levels etc.)
Modify path
(change mass, stiffness,
and damping through
changes to geometry,
addition of isolators,
foams, fibers etc.)
Optimize for
receiver
(design for
subjective
response, sound
quality, reduction
in levels etc.)
Quantify
sources
Quantify
paths
Quantify
response
Steps to consider in modeling
Example
Illustration from E.Davis, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Proc. Novem 2000
Example
Source =
attached TBL
Example
Source =
attached TBL
Vibrational energy
injected into skin
Example
Source =
attached TBL
Path 1 : Skin wall cavity trim panel
Example
Source =
attached TBL
Path 2 : Skin frame isolator trim panel
Example
Source =
attached TBL
Path 3 : Skin frame floor beam floor
INTRODUCTION INTO
SENSITIVITY
High frequency response
The effect of uncertainty
98 nominally identical vehicles
1 vehicle : repeated 12 times
R. Bernhard The limits of predictability due to manufacturing and environmentally induced
uncertainty, Proc. of InterNOISE, 1996.
x
x
3e6 structural modes
1e6 acoustic modes
< 10 kHz
Simple example
Place microphone inside
can at a fixed location
Apply external
acoustic excitation
using speaker with
broad-band white
noise located a fixed
distance from can
x
Look at transfer function relating exterior and interior sound
pressure level
Simple example
30 nominally identical cans
1 can repeated 4 times
65 structural modes
80 acoustic modes
< 10 kHz
Numerical example
(Sensitivity)
300 modes < 3.5 kHz, Modal overlap << 1
?
FE model CLF
Detailed FE model
What about sensitivity?
Add 20 random masses (mass = 15 g)
?
FE Monte Carlo simulation
2 realizations of the ensemble
Ensemble average CLF
Ergodic assumption
A frequency average is not always the same as an ensemble average!
100 Hz
frequency
average
ensemble
average
How can we predict transmission?
Excitation
Physical
properties
Dynamic
properties
Response
Classical low frequency approach
Problems at higher frequencies
Excitation
Physical
properties
Dynamic
properties
Response
Millions of modes, billions of nodes

2 m Aircraft fuselage :
8e6 acoustic modes < 10 kHz

Sedan car:
1e6 acoustic modes < 10 kHz
Higher order modes are
extremely sensitive to
perturbation = response is
very sensitive to
uncertainties in boundary
conditions, material
properties, physical
properties etc.
Why Use SEA? Car Example
Real systems have many modes
Vibro-Acoustics
VA One
TM
Uncertainty summary
Mid and high frequency response sensitive to uncertainty
Uncertainty represents missing information regarding precise
properties of a system
There's a cost associated with obtaining certainty
For practical systems, cost of obtaining certainty is prohibitive We
dont know what we dont know and its usually too expensive to find
out precisely what we dont know
How precisely do we need to know the properties of a system in
order to make meaningful response predictions?

Frequency domain of interests
Frequency Hz
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

Typical FE (deterministic) response
Typical SEA response
Global Modes Localized response
Low frequency High frequency
Modeling Low / High Frequency
Dense modal frequencies cannot be accurately predicted by
deterministic methods
SEA predicts the ensemble average
VA One SEA Variance Module gives variance
Average SEA prediction
Variance
Ensamble
P, A, thickness
material props.
FEA
BEM
Hybrid FE-SEA
SEA
Want to predict broadband transmission of noise and vibration
through complex systems with many subsystems
At mid- high frequencies, subsystems typically large compared with
a wavelength (can contain millions of modes)
Subsystem properties/boundary cond. not known precisely
Short wavelength response/higher order modes very sensitive to
small uncertainties (uncertainty is unavoidable!)
Traditional deterministic analysis methods not appropriate due to
expense and amount of detail required

Statement of problem
Theory Requirements
All subsystems Multi-wavefield
Composite, anisotropic, general laminate panels
General single- & double-curvature shells
Structural junctions:
Multiple subsystems at any orientation
Non-Ideal junctions
Line junctions
Full wave transmission theory
Beam along line of junction
Structural-Acoustic junctions
Consistent analytical Radiation Efficiency
Non-resonant Ac-Panel-Ac CLF
Single entry Trim model
Double-wall junction model
THE SUBSYSTEM CONCEPT
Introduction into SEA
Roof Panel:
Flexural Modes
Shear Modes
Extensional Modes
Interior Cavity:
Pressure Modes
Subsystem Energies:
SEA Subsystems Energy Storage:
Definition of a Subsystem
Note: VA One SEA automatically
includes all mode types
E
1
= <V
2
>
sp
m
Roof Panel
Mean square vibration
Panel mass
Interior
Cavity
E
2
= <P
2
>
sp
V /(c
2
)
Mean square pressure
Cavity volume
Fluid properties
Subsystem: A group of similar modes (e.g. flexural, in-plane, acoustical) in some
section of the system that are capable of storing, transmitting or dissipating
significant amount of energy.
SEA subsystem

Component of a vibro-acoustic system that stores resonant energy
Modal viewpoint
a collection of
(resonant) modes
Wave viewpoint
a collection of
(propagating) waves
SEA connection

Geometric region which allows energy to flow in or out of subsystem
External
excitation
Another
subsystem
SEA direct + reverberant fields
+

Direct field
Component of response
associated with direct
field radiation from
connections -
deterministic
Reverberant field
Component of response
associated with reflections
from boundaries of subsystem
and blocked connections
statistical
Each SEA subsystem represented in terms of superposition of a direct
field and a reverberant field.
The SEA parameters

2. Input power from external excitation
Input Power
External
excitation
1. Energy storage capacity of the
reverberant field
Modal density / Group Velocity
3. Energy transmission from reverberant
field to direct fields of adjacent
subsystems
Coupling loss factor

Direct field
Assumption # 1 : Neglect coherence between direct fields of
different connections to the same subsystem
Not necessary to make this assumption but simplifies calculation of CLFs.
Assumption justified if there is uncertainty in relative locations of connections and/or
presence of scattering within subsystems
Assumption not valid for problems in which direct field transmission between
connections is a dominant path (ie.heavily damped subsystems, subsystems that
are small compared with a wavelength etc.) separate corrections needed in such
instances
Assumptions in wave approach

Assumption # 2 : there is significant uncertainty regarding the
properties of each subsystem (so that the reverberant fields are
diffuse when viewed across the ensemble)
Implications:
1. Leads to incoherence between direct and reverberant fields (when
averaged across the ensemble)
2. SEA prediction gives the ensemble average response
Reverberant field
Assumptions in wave approach
SEA structure SEA cavity SEA SIF FE structure FE fluid BEM fluid
Vibro-Acoustic subsystems
Hands on:
(SEA subsystems creation)

Example
35cm
45cm
10cm
All panels:
acrylic 3mm
10cm
Acrylic:
Density = 1185 kg/ m3
E = 3.1e+9 Pa
Poissons = 0.3
Learn how to create:
New material
New physical property
flat plates, cavities and semi infinite fluid
How to use AutoConnect

WHAT IS SEA?
Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) is a method for studying diffusion of
acoustic and vibration energy in a system.
At high frequencies modes of a system become localized to various
subsystems
Flow of vibrational energy between coupled subsystems proportional to
difference in modal energies (average energy per mode).
By applying principle of conservation of energy can derive a set of power
balance equations which govern response of a system in a given
frequency band:

What is SEA?
H
12

E
1

N
1

H
in,1
H
diss,1

Subsystem - 1
E
2

N
2

H
in,2
H
diss,2

Subsystem - 2
P
in
= P
out

P
out
= P
transmitted
+ P
dissipated
What is SEA ? (cont)

In addition to SEA math, SEA also includes
numerous formulations from classical acoustics: Mass
law, Transfer matrix method for trim, Leaks, Radiation,
TL, diffuse fields etc etc.
Lyons two oscillator result
1 2
F
1
P
coup
= | (E
1
E
2
)
F
2
For two oscillators excited by independent broadband excitation
Lyon and Maidanik, JASA 34, 623-629, 1962
Modal approach to SEA : based on assumption that two
oscillator result applies to coupled multimodal systems
Subsystem 1 Subsystem 2
Assumption that coupling power proportionality
applies to a multi-modal system
P
12
= net energy flow between subsystems
E = subsystem energy
e = radian frequency
n = modal density (modes/unit frequency)
q
12
= coupling loss factor
Application to multi-modal systems

Reciprocity
SEA equations for two subsystems
1
2
H
in,1
H
diss,1
= eq
1
E
1

H
coupling,12
=en
1
q
12
(E
1
/n
1
E
2
/n
2
)
Input power
Damping loss factor
Coupling loss factor
Modal density
1
2
H
in,1
H
diss,1
= eq
1
E
1

H
coupling,12
=en
1
q
12
(E
1
/n
1
E
2
/n
2
)
H
in,1
= H
diss,1
+ H
coupling,12
Power balance equation for subsystem 1

A
B
H
in,2
= 0

H
diss,2
= eq
2
E
2

H
coupling,21
=en
2
q
21
(E
2
/n
2
E
1
/n
1
)
H
in,2
= H
diss,2
+ H
coupling,21
Power balance equation for subsystem 2

A
B
System with millions of nodal dofs has one energy dof per subsystem


(
(
(
+
+
=
(
H
2
2
1
1
21 2 2 21 2
12 1 12 1 1 1 ,
) (
) (
0
n
E
n
E
n n
n n
in
q q q
q q q
e
The SEA equations

SEA equations
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
=
=
N in
in
N
N
i
Ni NN N N
i
i
N N
i
i
P
P
n
E
n
E
n n
n n
n n n
,
1 ,
1
1
1
1 1
1
2 22 2 1 12
1 2 21
1
1 11 1
....
....
....
....
.... ....
.... .... .... ....
.... ....
....
q q q
q q q
q q q q
e
Symmetric form of SEA equations

Observations:
Small matrix (k x k for k subsystems)
Using N
i
the matrix is symmetric
Usually well-conditioned
No information on natural frequencies and modes shapes
Resolving only updates small parts, solves quickly
| | P E = q e
SEA equations for k subsystems
Matrix of coupling and
damping loss factors

Vector of unknown
subsystem energies

Vector of
power
excitation

(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
=
=
N in
in
N
N
i
Ni NN N N
i
i
N N
i
i
P
P
n
E
n
E
n n
n n
n n n
,
1 ,
1
1
1
1 1
1
2 22 2 1 12
1 2 21
1
1 11 1
....
....
....
....
.... ....
.... .... .... ....
.... ....
....
q q q
q q q
q q q q
e
Modal
energy
Input
power
Damping
Coupling
Modal density
,1 in
H
,2 in
H
2
2
E
n
1
1
E
n
,1 diss
H
SEA Equations - Fluid Analogy
,2 diss
H
WAVE NUMBER SPACE
ESI Group 2010 . All rights reserved. Do not distribute.
VCE 2010-08.
Wavenumber space
Helpful to view response of panel in wavenumber space
Wavenumber space description found by taking 2D Fourier transform of
physical displacement field
Wavenumber indicates number of wiggles per unit distance in a given
direction (k = 2* t /, e = 2* t /T)
Wavenumber description extremely useful for understanding wave
propagation and acoustic radiation
For infinite isotropic panel resonant wavenumbers lie on a circle in
wavenumber space

Wavenumber space
VCE 2010-08.
2D Fourier
transform
k
x
k
y
x

y

Physical space
(at a given frequency)
Wavenumber space (at a
given frequency)

VCE 2010-08.
k
x
k
y
Wavenumber space
k
x
k
y
x

y


2D Dispersion curve
k
x
k
y
100 Hz

200 Hz

300 Hz

increasing
frequency

Plot which shows how free wavenumbers vary with frequency

Modal lattice
Wavenumber
transform
m

n

m

n

mode 112
mode 115
Modes of a simply supported plate form a discrete lattice in k-space

40 frame modes < 2 kHz
1400 panel modes < 2 kHz
Acoustic coincidence @ 13 kHz
Modal overlap @ 250 Hz
Experimental measurements
Experimental results obtained by General Motors : courtesy of Alan Parrett and Qijun Zhang.
Results taken from: Shorter et al, Journal of Computational Acoustics, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2003) 323-338

Velocity of frame and
central panel in
physical space
Velocity of frame and
central panel in
wavenumber space
Drive point mobility
Experimental measurements

Velocity field (panel excited)

Octave band averages

k
x
k
y
Group velocity
Speed at which energy transported by a propagating wave
group velocity
c
g
= de / dk

200 Hz

300 Hz


k
x
k
y
Modal density
200 Hz

300 Hz

Number of modes in a given band is proportional to the area contained between two
dispersion curves in wavenumber space

VCE 2010-08.
k
x
k
y
Dispersion curve
Flexible

Stiff


ES
I
Gr
ou
p

20
10
.
All
rig
hts
re
se
rv
ed
.
Do
no
t
dis
tri
bu
te.
V
C
E
20
10
-
08
.
Curvature

Singly curved shell

ES
I
Gr
ou
p

20
10
.
All
rig
hts
re
se
rv
ed
.
Do
no
t
dis
tri
bu
te.
V
C
E
20
10
-
08
.
k
x
k
y
?

Dispersion curves

ES
I
Gr
ou
p

20
10
.
All
rig
hts
re
se
rv
ed
.
Do
no
t
dis
tri
bu
te.
V
C
E
20
10
-
08
.
Disperson curves for flexural wave can be calculated analytically calculated
Comparison with FFT approach
ESI Group 2010 . All rights reserved. Do
not distribute. VCE 2010-08.
Analytical dispersion
curve
FFT of resonant modes of curved
panel
See Shorter, Langley, Proc. Novem 2000 for more
information.

Modal density
Figures from T. Burton
Bending waves are dispersive group velocity changes with frequency
Bending
Extension
Shear
E Fl at pl ate
S Fl at pl ate
F Fl at pl ate
E Cyl i nder
S Cyl i nder
F Cyl i nder
Strictly below the ring frequency there
are two roots, above there are three.
Accounting for effect of curvature on flexural
wave only is usually a good approximation
for most SEA problems

Ring frequency
E Cyl i nder
S Cyl i nder
F Cyl i nder
Ring frequency
Decrease
radius
Increase
radius

Mode count conserved
E Cyl i nder
S Cyl i nder
F Cyl i nder
Equal areas
Curvature does not change overall mode count : pushes modes
into different frequency bands
SEA SUBSYSTEMS
wave approach
Wave Approach to SEA - Overview
Modal description of SEA good for a qualitative introduction to SEA
theory.

Implementation of SEA usually based on a wave approach.

A system is discretized into a series of substructures (beams, plates,
shells, acoustic ducts, acoustic cavities etc.)

Each substructure contains a number of wavetypes (ie.bending,
extensional, shear waves etc.)

Each wavetype represented by a separate SEA subsystem (can
receive, store, dissipate and transmit energy)
Wave Approach to SEA - Overview (cont)
Input power, modal densities and coupling loss factors of SEA
subsystems all derived from a wave approach

Algorithms in VA One SEA can be divided into three main categories:
algorithms for computing dispersion curves of a subsystem
algorithms for computing modal density of a subsystem
algorithms for computing coupling loss factors between
subsystems (for various types of junction)
Dispersion Curves - Overview
Dispersion curve describes the variation in the free-wavenumber
of a subsystem as a function of frequency
VA One SEA contains algorithms for computing dispersion curves
of beams, plates, singly and doubly curved shells, acoustic cavity
and acoustic duct subsystems
Each subsystem references a physical property (uniform, laminate,
sandwich, composite or ribbed section)
Each physical property can reference isotropic, orthotropic,
viscoelastic, fluid, foam or fiber materials
Subsystem can have complicating effects such as
pressurisation/stress stiffening and fluid loading
Have some generic algorithms for computing dispersion curves
based on wave mechanics considerations
Dispersion Curves - Wave Speed
(1D subsystem - Beam)
Phase speed
The speed at which the wave travels through the medium
Function of geometry and material properties
m
EA
c
pl
'
=
ZZ
ZZ
pt
J
GQ
c
=
e
4
m
D
c
y
pbx
'
=
e
4
m
D
c
x
pby
'
=
dispersion relationship: e = k c
p

Beam
example:
E = Youngs modulus
A = cross sectional area
m = mass per unit length
G = shear modulus
= mass density
Q
zz
= torsional constant
J
zz
= polar moment of inertia
D
x
D
y
= bending stiffness
Dispersion Curves - Wave Number
Number of waves (in radians) per unit distance
Inversely related to wavelength and phase speed
p
c
k
e
t
= =
2
In a multi-dimensional subsystem, the wave number can be
calculated from its components, kx, ky, etc

Modal Density: Calculation for 1D
Subsystems
wavelength:
m
L 2
=
L
m
c
k
p
t
t e
= = =
2
m = number of half wavelengths (mode number)
discrete modal wave number:

Modal density:
Mode count:

t
kL
k M = ) (
g
c
L
d
dk
dk
dM
d
dM
n
t e e
e = = = ) (
e
t
e e e A = A =
g
c
L
n N ) ( ) ( Modes in band:

|v/F |
f
l
Lower Band
Limit
f
f
u
Upper Band
Limit
f
c
Band Center
Frequency
Frequency Bandwidth
Af

= f
u
f
l
Modal
Bandwidth
f
i
q
i
of
Modal
Spacing
f f N A = in modes of number ) (
) ( 2
) (
) ( e tn
f
f N
f n =
A
=
Modes in Band
Modal Density
Energy storage:
Modes in Band and Modal Density
In VA One SEA, modal density is expressed in 1/(rad/sec)
Dispersion curves
Group and phase velocity are related to slope of dispersion curve
If group velocity varies with frequency then wave is said to be
dispersive

Group velocity important for SEA : speed at which energy
propagated by a wave
Wave phase velocity: c
p
Wave group velocity: c
g
= dw/dk

k
c
p
e
=
k
c
g
c
c
=
e
Dispersion Curves - Wave Number
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
sin
cos
1
1 1 1
2
y
y
x
x
y x
x y
x y
k
k
k
k
k
k k k
= =
= =
| |
| |
+ =
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
= +
=
= +

k
k
x
k
y

Panel Mode
Subsystems
Number of modes is number of intersections within the quarter-circle

t 4
2
mode
b y x
k
k L L
A
A
M = =
t e
e
4
) / (
) (
2 / 1
D m L L
d
dM
n
y x
= =
Mode(m,n)
A
mode
= t
2
/(L
x
L
y
)
k
x

k
y

x
L
t
y
L
t
A
k
= tk
b
2
/4
e
k

(
w
a
v
e

n
u
m
b
e
r
)

k
b

How many modes at
particular frequency?
Mode count of an acoustic cavity
n(e) =
k
2
V
2t
2
c
g

3D cavity
If boundary impedance random then
n(e) = ? Many cavities have rigid walls
Subsystems
See, for example : R.H.Bolt, JASA vol.10, 1939, pp 228-234
D.Maa, JASA vol.10, 1939, pp 235-238

Modal densities for 1D, 2D, 3D
(General expressions)
1D 2D 3D
( )
g
L
n
c
e
t
= ( )
g p
c c
A
n
t
e
e
2
=
( )
c
P
c
A
c
V
n
t t
e
t
e
e
16 8 2
2 2 3 2
2
+ + =
SEA Subsystems
SEA structure
SEA cavity SEA SIF
Dimensions assumed to be large/uncertain compared
with a wavelength. Have both direct and reverberant
fields.
SEA unbounded fluid
SEA structure
SEA cavity SEA SIF
Energy sink only describes
direct field propagation (no
reverberant field)
SUBSYSTEMS OVERVIEW
VA One SEA Modeling Features
Library of Subsystems
Model a variety of constructions

Library of Coupling Loss Factors
Junctions created automatically

Library of Power Sources
Represent all types of excitation

Databases (properties, test data,)
Store valuable information

Noise Control Materials
Simulate in-situ effect

Scripting Capability
Automate, Customize
Overview of Modeling Process
Geometry
3D Modeling - Steps
Generate Nodes
Create Subsystems
Autoconnect
3D Modeling - Geometry
Edit (x,y,z) directly
into Nodes database
Copy & Paste from
spreadsheet
Import from CAD (IGES etc.)
Import FE geometry

Create new nodes surfaces of subsystems
New nodes unreferenced
Use scripts to generate SEA geometry
3D Modeling - Subsystems
Subsystem creation
Always in 3D window
Dimensions calculated from nodes
Curvature approximated from geometry
Multi-wave
Beam: flexure, torsion, compression
Panels: flexure, shear, compression

Panels
Isotropic or orthotropic
Composite lay-up
Ribbed
General laminate

Beam and Ring-beam
Subsystems
Beam
Ring-Beam
Has x,y,z axis
Properties oriented by 1,2 axis

Plate Subsystem
Singly-curved Shell Subsystem
Cylinder Subsystem
Doubly-curved Shell Subsystem

One or more loops:
Pyramid, Cone,
Hemisphere, etc
Acoustic Ducts and Cavities
The faces of a 3D cavity
can be defined as:
- rigid walls
- panel
- other cavity
Shared faces!
Semi-infinite Fluid
Automatic evaluation of:
- distance from point picked on shell to SIF node
- source dimensions (affect near / medium / far
field calculation of SPL)
- no geometrical influence when using SPL
MODELING PRINCIPLES
Basic SEA Modeling Guidelines
(1)
3D-based
Model is created through a 3D interface
Dimensions are all geometry-based

Consequences
Careful work up front to create the subsystems
Easier later on
Autoconnect
Visualization
Design modifications easy (just move the nodes)
Basic SEA Modeling
Guidelines (2)
Think about connections before you start

Create subsystems with the right number of nodes
Too many makes task difficult and lengthy
Too few often results in connection problems

Identify challenging subsystems
Complex shape
Many connections
Basic SEA Modeling
Guidelines (3)
Use Autoconnect often
Build model in 3D window then move to browser:
Generate material properties, physical properties &
relevant spectra
Go through list of subsystems and enter appropriate
parameters

Note: you can also work the other way around

Last but not least:
Beware of pretty picture

Hands on DEMO:
(Modes in Band, Wave numbers, wave length)

Example
Evaluate:
Modes in band for selected panels and cavities
Total Mode count (for above) at 5 kHz
Wavelength at 5 kHz
What happens with wave length when panel thickness doubled
Modes in Band Check
SEA is applicable from ~600Hz (limited by
number of modes in acoustic volumes)
Frequency Range of analysis: 315Hz-8kHz (1/3
Octave Bands)
LargeCavity
SmallCavity
F LargeCavity_Top
F SmallCavity_Rear
3
630
Single panel: SEA vs. FE
(Modes in Band)
valid SEA panel
3
FE panel modes: effected by Boundary conditions SEA panel modes
No effect of boundary conditions
Boundary Conditions in SEA
The effects of boundary conditions
on subsystem response decays with
distance from the junction
The extent of significant boundary
effects is approximately 1 or 2
wavelengths
For high frequency (short
wavelengths), boundary effects on
subsystem energy are small

SEA represent ensemble average of
all possible BC appearance in the FE
model

Uncoupled
Coupled

Uncoupled
Coupled

Low Frequency
High Frequency
Single panel: SEA vs. FE
(panel response)
Solved using 1/24 Octave band-width
1/3 Octave band-width
SEA JUNCTIONS SUMMARY
SEA Module: Junctions
Rigorous formulation for structural junctions (point&line)
Automatic creation and dimensions
Advanced features available
Added mass
Isolators
Full user controls on individual CLFs
Area junctions:
Automatic creation and dimensions
Paths: Mass-law, resonant, leaks, TL
Radiation controls: auto/manual
Baffling corrections: auto/manual
Edge, area, beam radiation
Full user controls on individual CLFs
Double wall junctions
NCT only supported
Junctions
Automatic generation
Based on node commonality
Eliminates task of defining
complex orientations

Multi-port Junctions

Generalized
All wavefields considered
Exact angle taken into account
Integration on all angles of incidence
Non-rigid connections possible
Added mass and offsets
Z
1
Z
2
M
12
F
S
E
SEA point junction
Point junction :
Connection is small compared with a wavelength
Individual junctions assumed to be incoherent
Point impedance of subsystems found from wave approach
SEA line junction
Line junction :
Connection is large compared with a wavelength
(Semi-infinite) line impedance of subsystems found from wave approach
SEA Area junction
Area junction :
Connection assumed to be finite and baffled
Radiation impedance of fluid half space found analytically
accounted for Insertion loss/absorption of NCT
SEA POINT / LINE JUNCTIONS
DETAILS
Coupling Loss Factors Wave
Approach
Computation
Depends on orientation, thickness, material properties
Typically defined as a function of transmission coefficient
Transmission coefficient derived from impedance mismatch

Point and line junctions
Exact angles taken into account
Line junction CLF calculated from integration of all possible
angles of incidence on junction
12 12
1
1
n
q t
e
1 2
12
2
1 2
4Re( ) Re( )
...
i
Z Z
Z Z Z
t =
+ +
Z = Infinite impedance
n
1
= modal density of source subsystem
incident
d transmitte
H
H
12
t
Each junction is a distinct object in the model
The junction object distributes energy to each
connected subsystem according to its impedance
The default junction is massless and the default
connection is ideally rigid
CLFs Point Juntions
M
Direct field impedances
Steps in calculation
Assemble direct field impedances of all subsystems
connected to junction (6 x 6 dynamic stiffness matrix for
connection degrees of freedom)
Loop over excited wavefield/subsystem and find force on
the junction due to an diffuse incident wavefield

Apply this force to the junction and calculate the
input power to the direct fields of each of the
receiving subsystems
input power related to junction velocity response
and direct field impedance of receiving
subsystem

Calculate column of CLF matrix and repeat

CLFs for line Junctions
Junction assumed to be large compared with a
wavelength (neglects aperture affects)

Diffuse field approximated by a series of plane
waves

Subsystem impedances computed from wave
impedances (ie.line wave impedance approach)

Generic calculation based on dynamic stiffness approach
Point Isolator
Line stiffness and rotational stiffness along the axis

Line Isolator
Line stiffness and rotational stiffness across the joint
Modifying Junctions
(Useful Formulas for Isolators)
L
EA
k
x
=
L
GI
k
p
xx
=
L
W
E t
k
xx
) 2 1 (
2
3
v
=
W
Et
k
x
=
t
W
E = Youngs modulus
A = cross sectional area
G = shear modul, L = length
I
p
= polar moment of inertia
t = thickness
W = width
u = Possions ratio
For hinges and joints set rotational stiffness values very low (but different from zero)
Other directions: use small values (not zero) or tables
SEA AREA JUNCTION
PRINCIPLES
Room acoustic
(analogy)
100 m
3
room
1e7 acoustic modes
< 10 kHz
Connection
Rigid piston
Direct field
Look at component of field associated with radiation
from piston into unbounded space = direct field
Rigid piston
Near field
Far field
Piston loaded
by the
Direct field
impedance of
the fluid
Reverberant field
Direct field Component of field associated with radiation into
unbounded subsystem

Reverberant field Difference between the actual field and the
direct field
Direct field
Reverberant
field
A diffuse reverberant field
The term diffuse is used to describe a special set of
statistics that are obtained when averaging over a
large enough ensemble of reverberant fields
Average can be taken over a set of nominally identical
subsystems (or sometimes across a frequency band)
Statistics represent a state of maximum disorder or
maximum entropy
Get equipartion of energy and incoherence of
individual modes/waves

Subsystem loading on connection
direct field radiation
impedance
diffuse reverberant
loading (incident
power or blocked
force proportional to
energy of reverb field)
=
Transmission problem
Cavity 1
Cavity 2
Cavity 1

Cavity 2

=
o E
1

o E
2

Equivalent problem from direct/reverberant field viewpoint

Reverberant fields incoherent, look at response separately and then superimpose
P
12
= t P
inc1
=
E1 c
1
A
4 V
1
t
Pinc = incident power
E = cavity energy
c = speed of sound
A = area of connection
V = cavity volume
t = transmission coefficient

Reverberant fields incoherent, look at response separately and then superimpose
P
21
= t P
inc2
=
E
2
c
2
A
4 V
2
t
Cavity 1

Cavity 2

P
12
=
E
1
c
1
4 V
1
t P
inc1
- t P
inc2
= t A - ( )
E
2
c
2
4 V
2
Net coupling power proportional to difference in (energy density * group velocity)
SEA junctions
point/line area
area
area
area
na
SEA AREA JUNCTION
IMPLEMENTATION/PATHS
Types of Acoustic Coupling
Structural-Acoustic
Acoustic-Acoustic
Large opening
Leak
Mass Law
Area junctions
(Coupling loss factors)
source
cavity
panel
receiving
cavity
Resonant transmission
q
12
q
23

Governed by radiation efficiency of resonant modes
Non-resonant transmission
q
13

Mass law path is non-resonant
(direct field transmission between source and receiving cavity)
Can be described by additional CLF
SEA equations for area junction
q
12
q
23

q
13

(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
+ +
+ +
+ +
0
0
1 ,
3
2
1
32 31 3 23 13
32 23 21 2 12
31 21 13 12 1 in
P
E
E
E
q q q q q
q q q q q
q q q q q
e
(Structural-Acoustic CLF)
q
12
q
23

21
1
2
12
q q
n
n
=
( ) ( )
23 ,
2
2
3 3 23 rad
m
A
c o
e
q
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
To calculate resonant path need to compute radiation efficiency
of resonant modes of panel subsystem
Reciprocity
SEA area junction paths
SEA Area junction
SEA AREA JUNCTION
THEORY
(Radiation efficiency)
Radiation efficiency definition:
The actual power radiated by the panel divided by the theoretical
power radiated by baffled piston of the same area moving with the
same average velocity

Radiation efficiency controls resonant path in SEA area junction, by
other words controls how much of energy get transmitted into
connected subsystems (SIF or cavity)
Power radiated to
fluid
Radiation
efficiency
Characteristic
Impedance of fluid
Area of connection
Average
panel velocity
H
panel

Fluid

Rigid baffle

Rigid baffle

(Structural-Acoustic CLF calculation)
Computation:
CLF defined as a function of radiation efficiency
12
o o
rad
c
m
q o
e
=
Reference: Leppington, F. G., E. G. Broadbent, and K. H. Heron
(1982), "The acoustic radiation efficiency of rectangular panels,"
Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 382, 245271.
0
= fluid density
c
0
= fluid speed
= mass per unit area
o
rad
= radiation efficiency
m
Radiation efficiency and CLF relations
(Radiation loss factor)
M
cA
rad
e
o
q
e) (
=
Cavity

Panel

Area junction

SIF

Panel

Area junction

Wavelength Matching
Radiation efficiency is high when trace wavelength matches structural wavelength
structural wavelength > acoustic wavelength
structural wave number s acoustic wave number
structural wave speed > acoustic wave speed
0
Reverberant acoustic field
Matching trace wavelength
Minimum trace wavelength
Coincidence Frequency
Coincidence (trace matching) occurs when acoustic wavelength equals
structural flexural wavelength

Frequency of coincidence is called the critical frequency
0 0 0
, , c c k k
x x x
= = =
Acoustic
Structure
F
c

Poor radiator Good radiator
Coincidence Frequency
(Effect of Changing Stiffness)
Increasing stiffness causes longer wavelengths, or decreased
wavenumber
Critical frequency shifts lower
Radiation efficiency curve shifts lower, causing increase in radiation
efficiency below coincidence

= structural wavenumber
k
0
= acoustic wavenumber
kc = critical wavenumber
_
p k
Radiation Below Coincidence
(Edge Radiation)
At frequencies lower than the critical frequency, fluid moves laterally and plate
will radiate from edges, corners or discontinuities
For a group of modes, we approximate as radiation from entire perimeter, thus
panel perimeter is important
+ -
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
- - -
- -
- - -
- -
Corner radiation (
x
>
0
and
y
>
0
)
discontinuities
Fluid movement
Radiation Below Coincidence
(additional sources of radiation)
Additional sources at frequencies lower than the critical frequency
Ribs
Point forces
Light fluid loading
Heavy fluid loading
(Mass law)
q
13

( ) ( )
2
3 2 1
3 1
31 13
} Re{ } Re{ 4
z z z
z z
+ +
= = u u
( )
) cos(
3 3
3
u
u
c
z =
2 2
m i z e =
Non- Resonant transmission (Mass law) is dependent on:
angle of incidence
panel mass

SEA Area junction assumes Field incidence 078
(Physics)
Acoustic transmission through panel due to modes resonant at lower
frequencies, i.e. in their mass-controlled region at the frequency of interest
Acoustic pressure pushing on structure and forces it to move at the
acoustic wavelength
Significant transmission of energy through panel although these modes
contribute little to the panel motion
Equation for normal incidence shows simple dependence on mass / area
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
~
2
0 0
12
2
1
1
c
m
e
t
Mass law transmission
Modes with little
motion contribution
Resonant Modes
(at frequency band of interest)
L
o
g

s
c
a
l
e

}
Modes with little
motion contribution
Hans-on
(Air-borne Transmission)
Investigate Power inputs into the Receiving cavity (3mm steel plate)
Where energy comes from?
Play with Area junction by switching on / off different paths
Investigate if it make sense in terms of Receiving cavity SPL
? ?
?
1
2
3
4
5
Double-Wall Junctions
(manual junction)
Standard radiation efficiency calculation
1-2
3-2
3-4
5-4
Standard transmission coefficient calculation
1-3
3-5
Double-wall transmission calculation
4-1
2-5
1-5
Hands on:
(Resonant & Non resonant path)

Example
Find Coincidence frequency
Investigate main energy sources in smaller cavity and find dominant
path
When only point forces in the model
When only pressure constraint (on bigger cavity) in the model
When both structural and acoustic sources present in the model
Investigate the effect of adding more damping on the panels (e.g.
7% DLF)
Noise reduction and Transmission loss
(How to calculate using VA One?)
Noise Reduction
Ratio of sound pressures is noise reduction (NR)

NR = 20log(P
1
/P
2
)
where:
P
1
= sound pressure level in source room
P
2
= sound pressure level in receiver room

NR is function of room geometry and absorption

Reference: Beranek, L. and Istvan Ver. Noise and Vibration
Control Engineering, p.372, Wiley and Sons, 1992
Transmission Loss
(General formulation)
Ability of wall to reflect noise is transmission loss (TL)

Function of mass and resonance
doubling mass increases TL by about 6dB
resonance in wall decreases TL

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ ~
2 2
0
24
log 10
V f
c A
NR TL
w
q
( ) t log 10 = TL
incident Power
smitted Power tran
= t
t
12
= transmission coeff.
A
w
= area of wall
c
0
= fluid speed
V
2
= volume of receiver cavity
q
2
= damping loss factor of
receiver cavity
How to calculate TL using VA One?
1. Effective transmission loss
single panel (Cavity Area junction - Cavity)

2. Virtual transmission loss
multiple panels (VTL module)

3. Source cavity structural partition - SIF scenario
Transmission loss modeling
Reverberant
chamber
Anechoic
chamber
( ) t log 10 = TL
incident Power
smitted Power tran
= t
Single panel scenario (in-built VA One functionality)
Use large subsystems to ensure high mode counts
Cavity volumes are big enough (e.g. 1000m
3
), if not use manual Volume override
Area Junction connects 3 Objects (2 cavities and one panel)
Effective transmission loss
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
2
1
2
1 2 1
2
8
log 10
n
n
E
E
c n
A
TL
c
q t
e
A
c
= coupling area, n
i
= modal density
E
i
= energy,
q
2
= damping loss factor of receiver
cavity
1
2
3
Select:
1. Cavity
2. Area junction
3. Cavity
Plot Effective TL (standard va1 results)
Complex structural shapes (multiple panels)
Panels has to form closed partition
VTL module Output:
TL curve and Absorptions on Source / Receiver side
*.xml model (where TL ~ NR)
Virtual transmission loss
(VTM module)
*.xml model
Partition with NCT
Partion (body in white)
Frequency
TL
d
B

Absorption Source
Absorption Receiver
Absorption
Transmission loss
(custom calculation)
Cavity-panels-SIF scenario
Important! Source cavity has to have big volume (e.g. 1000 m
3
)

where A is total area of the partition (taken from SIF)
p is the cavity pressure
and c is the air property

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
incident
d transmitte
P
P
TL log 10
c
A p
P
incident
4
2
=
P
transmitted

(Power input into SIF)
p
2
VA One model
Hands on:
(TL calculations)
Example
Create TL model for one of the floor panels
Calculate TL for one of the floor panels
Explain the drop down around Coincidence frequency
Verify that doubling the thickness leads to 6dB increase in TL
In TL graph display non-resonant path only
FOAMS AND NOISE CONTROL
TREATMENT
VA One Foam

Overview of SEA and FOAM
products

Foam-X:
Software for Predicting Porous Material Properties

VA One Foam:
A Module For Predicting Acoustical Properties of Sound Packages

Tube-X:
Impedance tube measurements

NOVA:
A Tool For Predicting Acoustical Properties of Sound Packages
Lay-up options
Foam Layer - elastic porous material made up of a solid skeleton
portion, or frame, and a fluid portion
Used where the elasticity of the frame is an important part of the energy
absorption mechanism
Fiber Layer - represented as an equivalent fluid model
Either limp fiber or rigid fiber characteristics
Delany-Bazley or extended Biot model
Resistive Layer - used to describe thin porous surfaces such as thin
perforated metal, glass fiber cloth and wire mesh cloth
Perforated Layer - a rigid, limp, or foam/fiber panel containing
perforations
Gap Layer - fluid layer, possibly used between elastic layers
Also controls bonding (important)
Panel Layer - elastic solid layer
Septum - a limp thin layer described by mass per unit area
Pertinent Material Properties
NCT Models in VA One Foam
In VA One SEA, four different models are available to
represent foam and fibrous materials:
the elastic porous (foam) model
the limp porous (fiber) model
the rigid porous (fiber) model
the Delany-Bazley (fiber) model

+ air gap
+ septum
+ panel
Typical poroelastic materials
Foam model
The elastic porous model is used for foam materials
where
The stiffness of the frame is important in VA response of the NCT
The energy exchange between structural energy and acoustical
energy within a foam material typically provides much of the
desired energy absorption
The full elastic porous model requires all the fluid properties and
the elastic bulk properties

Requires the VA One SEA Foam Module
Fiber models
Represented as an equivalent fluid model with either
limp fiber or rigid fiber characteristics
The frame waves do not carry a significant amount of
energy
Frame waves disregarded
NCT modeled with a single type of acoustic compression wave
Frame of the porous material considered limp:
Fluid properties
Bulk density are required
Frame of the porous material considered rigid:
Only fluid related properties are required

The limp model default fiber model in the VA One SEA Foam Module
Requires the VA One SEA Foam Module
Delany-Bazley Fiber model
Delany-Bazley model
The simplest fiber model
Only requires
Fluid density
Fluid speed
Flow resistivity of the acoustic material
Delany-Bazley model activated when
A = A = 0 in a fibrous material
Delany-Bazley model is only considered valid:
Delany-Bazley formulation can provide strange results at frequencies lower than the
recommended range.
Delany-Bazley formulation should be used with care at low frequencies.
Applications for SEA and Foam
Coupled structure and trim design
What if studies:
Multi layer trim
Double walls
Material properties
VA One models:
Acoustic
subsystems
Structural
subsystems
Sound Package Modeling

Layers of a sound
package are defined as
a number of layers
Noise control Treatment is applied to a plate/shell
subsystem
Percentage
coverage
can be
specified
Example: Use of Different Lay-
ups
Trim built up by layers or from measurements
Also partial coverage
Effects:
Absorption added to cavities
Plate-cavity junctions modified
Subsystem damping (constrained layer)
Visco-elastic materials
SPL in Door
cavity
No, 2-layer or 3-
layer treatment on
interior panels
Treatment
absorption
Scripting and VA One Foam
Use QuickScript or MATLAB to
Optimize sound packages
Create NCT sets
Manage trim database
Build custom applications

Optimization!!
Rieter, VW
VA One SEA Validation
Tanner Onsay, Noisecon98:

Airborne noise 150-16,000 hz

Sound package design
evaluation

Structure borne noise 250-
16,000 hz

Int. SPL - Airborne
Input to Models
But, where get trim data?
Accurate and reliable models

Source: GUI from AutoSEA2
Porous
Porous
Parameters Defining a Porous
Material
Difficult to
measure
Measuring Porous Material
Parameters
Density meter
Flow Resistivity meter
Porometer
Tortuosity meter
Geometrical meter
Geometrical meter

Quasi-Static Mechanical
analyzer

Measuring Porous Material
Parameters

Density meter
Flow Resistivity meter
Porometer
Tortuosity meter
Geometrical meter
Geometrical meter

Quasi-Static Mechanical
analyzer

Foam-X
+
Impedance
tube or
Tube-X
Radiation efficiency
Radiation efficiencies of modes
of a simply supported panel
(no trim)
Effect of inserting typical
automotive trim between panel
and cavity
Foam properties
Boundary conditions

u
Fluid

Transfer matrix method
Often encounter planar layups of poroelastic matl = NCT
The Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) provides an efficient numerical
method for computing wave propagation through such layups
The method assumes the NCT is infinite in the lateral direction and
homogeneous
Response across each layer found analytically based on transfer
properties (transfer matrices) for given layer
What does NCT do in SEA?
Noise-control treatment on a panel affects
Transmission (resonant and non-resonant paths)
Acoustic absorption
Structural damping, even if its not touching
Base panel - impervious material
TL
Absorption
1
0
6 dB/octave
What does NCT do in SEA?
Impervious material
(base panel)
TL Absorption
1
0
6 dB/octave
1
0
12 dB/octave
resonance
1
0
12 dB/octave
resonance
Impervious material
Porous material
Impervious material

Impervious material
Porous material
Impervious material
Porous material

1
0
6 dB/octave
Impervious material
Porous material
Attack at Receiver
Isolation can reduce the noise radiated to the receiver
Absorption can increase the energy dissipated in receiver

Attack at Source:
Absorption can dissipate energy before it gets to the path to the
receiver

Absorption:
Usually denoted by o acoustic absorption coefficient

Related to damping loss factor

Absorption and Isolation
incident Power
absorbed Power
= o
o
e
q
V
Ac
4
0
=

Things to note
NCT assumed to be weakly reactive
wavenumbers of base panel not assumed to be modified by addition of NCT
Stiff / heavy patches glued on base panel should be modelled as
subsystems rather than as NCTs (to capture ring frequencies etc.)
use Physical property to account for stiffening effect (bitumens, etc..)

IC and absorption computed using field incidence (0-78deg)
specific angles of incidence will result in different results
use of alpha cabin will cause differing results

Often get aperture effect for small pieces of foam
most standards based on large sheets
edge effects depend on perimeter length, boundary termination etc. is not
accounted with in TMM
NCTs Experimental
(User defined)
Plug your measured data in VA One SEA
Random incidence absorption
Insertion loss
IL = TL
trimmed
TL
bare
(Ref: Beranek and Ver)
Non-resonant IL is
for limp panel of same
mass/area
Only for model statistics

Leaks
Acoustic leakage paths often very significant for
transmission
Typical leaks arise because of:
access holes/pass throughs
grillages
gaps / imperfect coverage etc.
Important to account for these in model
Can be represented by additional CLFs at area
junctions (parallel transmission path)
SEMI INFINITE FLUIDS
SIF summary
Represents an unbounded exterior acoustic space
acoustic waves radiated by a subsystem connected to a semi-infinite
are not reflected back on the subsystem.
Predicts the sound pressure level (SPL) and sound power
radiated from SEA plates or shells, SEA cavities, FE structures or
FE cavities into an unbounded exterior acoustic fluid
Models the exterior acoustic radiation impedance on SEA and FE
subsystems
semi-infinite fluid connected to a SEA subsystem adds radiation
damping to the subsystem
semi-infinite fluid connected to a FE subsystem adds both radiation
damping and mass loading to the subsystem (i.e. reactive and resistive
fluid impedances)
Estimates (approximately) the direct field sound pressure level
SIF radiation and power
VA One calculates the power radiated into a SIF assuming:
The power radiated by each SEA or FE acoustic subsystem into the
semi-infinite fluid is calculated assuming radiation into a half space (i.e.
baffled boundary condition)
If this is not the case for a particular configuration, the computed radiation
loss factor from SEA subsystems can be overridden using the SIF dialog
For FE structural subsystems, the radiation can be specified into a half
space (baffled boundary condition) or a full space (unbaffled boundary
condition)
The vibration fields of the various subsystems connected to the
semi-infinite fluid are assumed to be uncorrelated
allows for the calculation of total radiated power to be found from an
incoherent addition of the power radiated by the various subsystems

SIF Engineering units (pressure)
VA One calculates the engineering units (EU) response from the
radiated power as the sound pressure level averaged across a
wave front without any directivity information.
The distance, r, from the connection point of each SEA
subsystem and FE face to the location of the semi-infinite fluid is
used to generate a cross-sectional area through which the
energy radiated by the subsystem is assumed to flow.
The cross-sectional area is defined as follows:
The approximate width, a, and length, b, of each SEA subsystem and
FE face is obtained from the area and perimeter of the subsystem and
face.
1. The response point is said to be close to the subsystem if t r < minimum(a,b). Thus, the cross-sectional area through which the
radiated energy is assumed to flow is given by A
close
= 4(ab/p) and associated with plane wave propagation close to the
subsystem.
2. The response point is said to be far from the subsystem if t r > maximum(a,b). Thus, the cross-sectional area through which the
radiated energy is assumed to flow is given by A
far
= 4tr
2
and associated with spherical wave propagation at large distances from
the subsystem, ie a full sphere is used. If this is not the case such as for a hard floor, add 3dB to the pressure.
3. Points that are neither close nor far are said to be a medium distance from the subsystem. Thus, the cross-sectional area
through which the radiated energy is assumed to flow is given by A
medium
= 4ra and associated with cylindrical wave propagation at
a medium distance from the subsystem.
Overriding radiation
Radiation to a SIF can be overridden, for example
from a hybrid model
Calculate rad.eff o
i
, convert to rad.loss q
rad
M
cA
FE
rad
e
e o
e q
) (
) ( =
Where:
is density
c is speed of sound of the acoustic medium
A and M are the area and mass of the SEA
subsystem
is the angular frequency
POWER INPUT
VA One SEA Module: Loads
sumary
Point force/moment
User defined power
Area loads:
Diffuse acoustic field
Turbulent boundary layer
Formulation scriptable
Propagating wave field
Constraints
Pressure, Energy, Velocity, Acceleration
Diffuse Acoustic field (DAF)
A diffuse acoustic field (DAF) represents reverberant acoustic
load acting over the surface area of a subsystem

DAF is characterized by a RMS pressure spectrum that
defines the blocked surface pressure across the panel
subsystem

Blocked surface pressure
blocked pressure is 3 dB higher than the pressure within
the interior of the chamber (far field)

Acoustic sources
(DAF)
Acoustic sources
(DAF)
2
2 2
a p
p
in
k m
p n A o t
= H
Power Input calculation
A = area
n
p
= modal density flexural
p = DAF pressure
o = radiation efficiency
m = plate mass
k
a
= acoustic wave number
c
A p
in
4
2
= H
A = area
p = DAF pressure
c = acoustic property
Power Input calculation
Note: DAF always an area source , ie not a constraint!!
Power Input other sources
User Defined Power
Measured Power
Externally calculated power

Structural Source
Point force
Moment
Acoustic Source:
Diffuse field
Propagating plane wave
Turbulent boundary layer
Structural Constraint
Energy
Velocity
Acceleration

{ } ) ( Re
2
e
Z
in
Y F =
H
in
E eq H =
2
in
m v eq H =
2
in
m
a
q
e
H =
F = point force
Y
z
= mobility
m = total mass
v = velocity
a = acceleration
RESULTS
SEA Module: Results
Energy, Modal energy
Wave number
Modal density, modal overlap,
modes in band
Effective TL
Power input, power output (TPA)
Engineering units (velocity, acceleration, pressure)
Virtual transmission loss
Transfer function
Thermogram
Expandable by use of scripts source ranking
DBL DAGA 2009
SPECTRA CONVERSION
Loads: Spectra definition
(VA One conversion)
All Spectra are defined in RMS form (by default)
if spectrum is defined in different frequency domain compared to
solution frequency domain then spectra conversion follows
automatically
User has to be aware of level change, why?
E.g.: 1Pa in 1/3 Octave not equal to 1 Pa in 1/24Octave (spectra
energy is different)

Pressure converted to 1/3 Octave
Pressure defined in 1/24 Octave
(constant 1Pa)
Spectra conversion
(VA One implementation)
RMS spectrum is converted to PSD

f
R
R psd
f
f
A
=
2
) (
) (
) (
RMS Pressure in 1/24 Octave
PSD Pressure in 1/24 Octave
Spectra conversion
Following integration will convert 1/24 Octave Bands to 1/3 Octave
bands, keeping the area (Energy) for particular bands unchanged
Bars represents energy in particular frequency band
Thus conservation of band energy

PSD in Octave PSD in 1/12 Octave
PSD Pressure
Equal area
Spectra conversion
Converted PSD is then recalculated in terms of RMS
Since Af is in 1/3 Octave bandwidth, thus converted RMS levels
are different
f R psd R
f f
A = ) (
) ( ) (
Converted PSD Pressure in 1/3 Octave
Final RMS Pressure in 1/3 Octave
SEA Physical property
(panel sections)
k
x
k
y
Flexible

Stiff

Dispersion curve
Uniform section
(Orthotropic Materials)
Can calculate equivalent uniform orthotropic panel
Stack thin layers
Define orientation for orthotropic material
Equivalent uniform cross-section calculated

k
x
k
y
Flexible

Stiff

Dispersion curve
Composite Panel
Sandwich panel
Characteristics:
Shear modulus of core is much less than of skins
Behavior
Low frequency: global flexure
Mid to high frequency : shear in core, wavespeed constant and
controlled by shear modulus
Very high frequency: independent flexure of skins
Near-coincident behavior with acoustic wave often observed in
shear-controlled region

Skin layer + shear core
(Sandwich)
Low f
Mid f
High f
Mid freq.
k
b
k
a
Wavetypes of sandwich panel:
Bending 1
Cross-sectional mode shape at 9 kHz
Shear 1
Extension 1
Bending 2
Cut on at 8 kHz
Shear 2
Cut on at 5 kHz
Extension 2
Cut on at 5 kHz
General laminate
Common examples:
constrained layer damping treatments
unconstrained layers (baked on mastics etc.)
metal-polymer-metal constructions (MPMs)
laminated glasses
Elastic solid Viscoelastic solid
stress (e)
strain(e)
stress (e)
strain(e)
e
G(e)
e
q(e)
=
Layup of solid elastic and viscoelastic layers
Results in high levels of damping when section designed appropriately

Frequency dependent:
Shear modulus and damping
General laminate
In the wave approach to SEA we need to find the properties of the
wavetypes of the cross-section

e
k(e)
Dispersion curves for
propagating wavetypes
e
q(e)
Damping loss factors for
propagating wavetypes
f
s
e
b
s
e
Wave propagation in ribbed plates
Add 20 mm ribs (3 mm thick) with 0.2 m spacing
( = 1.25 m, k = 5 rad/m) @ 5 Hz (unribbed = 6 Hz)
k
x
k
y
Add 20mm ribs (3mm thick) with 0.2 m spacing
k
x
k
y
Add 20mm ribs (3mm thick) with 0.2 m spacing
k
x
k
y
Influence of ribs in k-space
k
x
k
y
x

y

t / Ly

t / Ly

Influence of ribs in k-space
k
x
k
y
x

y

t / Ly

t / Ly

t / Lx

t / Lx

Typical response
Presence of ribs depends on skin wavelength
half wavelength larger than spacing : ribs smeared
half wavelength smaller than spacing : subpanel modes
Combination of both in same frequency band possible
In mid-frequency, sub-panel modes grouped (periodic structure effects)
Effect of ribs decreases with frequency (asymptotes to unribbed plate)
Skin panel
Ribbed panel
Low f
Mid f
High f
Curvature effect
Singly curved shell
k
x
k
y
?
Dispersion curves
Disperson curves for flexural wave can be calculated analytically calculated
Comparison with FFT approach
Analytical dispersion
curve
FFT of resonant modes of curved
panel
See Shorter, Langley, Proc. Novem 2000 for more
information.
Bending waves are dispersive group velocity changes with frequency
Bending
Extension
Shear
E Fl at pl ate
S Fl at pl ate
F Fl at pl ate
E Cyl i nder
S Cyl i nder
F Cyl i nder
Strictly below the ring frequency there
are two roots, above there are three.
Accounting for effect of curvature on flexural
wave only is usually a good approximation
for most SEA problems
Modal density
Ring frequency
E Cyl i nder
S Cyl i nder
F Cyl i nder
Ring frequency
Decrease
radius
Increase
radius
Mode count conserved

E Cyl i nder
S Cyl i nder
F Cyl i nder
Equal areas
Curvature does not change overall mode count : pushes modes
into different frequency bands
ADDITIONAL
COMPLICATING EFFECTS
Fluid Loading, Tension, Pressurization
Fluid loading
Applies to all panels
Adds mass
Number of modes in band
and wavenumber increase
Effect decreases as
frequency increases

Tension
Applies to plates, singly and
doubly curved shells
First order stress stiffening

Pressurization
Applies to curved subsystems
Adds stiffness
Effects of fluid loading
Fluid loading has an impact on
(i) the structural wavenumber
(ii) the radiation efficiency formula
Radiation in air
If the structure radiates in air and is loaded by water, only
point (i) above has an impact -->; the standard Leppington
formulation is used with the shifted in wavenumber (higher
due to mass loading)
Radiation in water
If the structure radiates in water and is loaded by water, both
points are significant:
point (i) as above
point (ii) because a modified version of the standard radiation
efficiency is used: this is the standard Leppington with some
correction factors for edge radiation
GENERAL GUIDE LINES
SUMMARY
General guide line
(question which should be answered for quick start)
What type of sources needed for simulation?
What's needed to get the correct power input?
Structural excitation?
Acoustic excitation?

What type of problem I am trying to solve?
Interior / Exterior radiation?
What's needed for results recovery?
What's needed for correct transmission?

How do I partition my model, what do I need?

General approach
At the start of the analysis decide
Frequency range of interest
Vibroacoustic properties
Excitation
Important paths
Results
Application

The outcome of the above will decide on methodology
used and also the modeling strategy
FEW ADDITIONAL NOTES
SEA CAVITIES

common practice

SEA Cavity
(NCTs Absorption)
Cavity absorption 1%
Cavity absorption 1% + NCT absorption
Fully enclosed cavity:
use Absorption from Noise Control Treatment when Cavity
represents interior volume
Option specifies that the Damping Loss Factor will be calculated
from the NCTs specified on each face of the cavity
Fully enclosed cavity no modification
Fragments of a larger cavity
Surface Area and perimeter strongly coupled to other parts of
subdivided cavity and may be removed from calculation

SEA Cavity
(Interior or exterior)
PROCESS
Modern process for model creation
Classical vs. production
Same basis as classical SEA, however;
New junction definitions developed
Advanced options for ss
Advanced options for junctions
New load definitions
Closer link to CAE apps and process
Trim
Variance
Coupled FE-SEA, FE based
System level model
VA One Process support
Scripting/API allows customization and process
support
Standalone process oriented applications
Define geometry
Define loads
Run
Model building
Model updating
Component
characterization

Process: component
characterization
Periodic subsystems
- Modes in band
- TL
- Radaiation efficiency
Process
Complex geometry
Process
User defined SEA
subsystem
Modes in band
Stiffness multiplier
Radaiation efficiency
Process: SEA CLF calculation
Use EFM to calculate SEA CLFs
EFM model EFM CLF Create SEA model Override in SEA
model
Import FE model
Create FE ss
Automated
EFM solve

2D drawings CAD data FE mesh FE mesh

One PID = plate

One element/plate
Process: Efficient creation of
VA One SEA models
Model creation process depends on starting data
IGES, CATIA, STEP, ProE NASTRAN, ANSYS, ABAQUS, PATRAN, IDEAS etc
Process: SEA from CAD/FE
SEA from CAD/FE
CAD data
Temp FE mesh
Generated
Imported
Imported
Imported
Process
Process: Custom model creation
2D drawings
Custom interface
Process
ADDITIONAL MODULES
Extending VA One SEA
SEA Module: Add ons
Foam module (NCT)
Material characterization (Foam-X)
Variance module
Scripting development module
MATLAB, API interfacing
Shock module
Example of custom module/script
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
E
p
1

(
d
B

r
e
f
.

1

J
)

Computer implementation

Old school: Fuselage section
Research
Specialists
2D
Old school: Elevator
Close links to test/Exp. SEA
1995 model
2007 model
SEA 2009
Well establised method for vehicle development
Effecitive holder/integrator for VA simulation
Chen, OKeefe and Bremner - Test based and
Analytic SEA of light truck - SAE 1995
1995 2009
BEM, FMM, FEM, EFM, FE-SEA, Test
Technical Support
On-line helpdesk, knowledge base
support.vaone@esi-group.com
www.esi-group.biz
Knowledge base
WebEx
Email preferred
Phone, fax

Technical support
Appendix: Subsystems theory
SUBSYSTEMS
Theory
SEA Module: Subsystems
Based on the market leader AutoSEA2
Subsystems:
Beam
Ring beam
Flat plates
Singly curved shell
Cylinder
Doubly curved shell
1D cavity
3D cavity
Semi Infinite Fluid
Model courtesy of
Freightliner
Model courtesy of
Boeing Commercial Aircraft
SUBSYSTEMS
All Subsystems 3D and Multi-
wavefield
Each Subsystem has
multiple wavefield energies
where wavefield ~ mode group

Geometry from node points
Free form
Arbitrary boundary shape

Quasi-conformal mapping:
Facetted solid ~ SEA idealization
Length, Volume, Area, Perimeter
Regression to best curvature radii
SEA: Beams
Subsystems : Beams
Vibration of beams of infinite length
Vibration of beams of infinite
length
Vibration of beams of infinite length
Vibration of beams of infinite
length
Modes in Systems of Finite Size
Modes in Systems of Finite Size
Modal Density
Modal Density
Modal Density
Point Impedance
Point Impedance of Infinite
Structures
SEA Definition of Subsystem
Beam EXTENSION
Beam TORSIONAL
Beam FLEXURAL
Number of Modes in Band -
Interpretation
Subsystems : Plates
Plate FLEXURAL
Plate EXTENSION/SHEAR
Sandwich Plate FLEXURAL
Plate
Sandwi
ch
Composite Plate FLEXURAL
- 10 - 5 5 10
- 20
- 10
10
20
Flexural Stiffness
- 4 - 2 2 4
- 4
- 2
2
4
Twist Stiffness
DIRECTIONAL STIFFNESS
Composites
Orthotropic honeycomb
Multi-ply lay-ups
Rib stiffeners
Tension stiffness

Equivalent, oriented Orthotropic
stiffness
defines a Dispersion model
[R.D. Jones, McGraw-Hill 1974]
Rib-Stiffened Plate FLEXURAL
Rib-Stiffened Plate FLEXURAL
Cylinder FLEXURAL
Sandwich / Ribbed Cylinder
FLEXURAL
Subsystems: Acoustic Cavities
Acoustic Cavities
3D Acoustic Cavities
Subsystems : Semi-Infinite Fluid
Semi-Infinite Acoustic Fluid

VA One SEA v2010.5 RFI & AWI Rev A-02

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