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The document provides 11 examples explaining key concepts in analog transmission such as sampling rate, bit rate, baud rate, and modulation techniques including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Each example shows the calculation to determine values like sampling rate, bit rate, and bandwidth given information like signal bandwidth, number of bits per sample, and modulation technique. The examples demonstrate how these concepts are related and calculations are performed for different analog transmission scenarios.
The document provides 11 examples explaining key concepts in analog transmission such as sampling rate, bit rate, baud rate, and modulation techniques including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Each example shows the calculation to determine values like sampling rate, bit rate, and bandwidth given information like signal bandwidth, number of bits per sample, and modulation technique. The examples demonstrate how these concepts are related and calculations are performed for different analog transmission scenarios.
The document provides 11 examples explaining key concepts in analog transmission such as sampling rate, bit rate, baud rate, and modulation techniques including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Each example shows the calculation to determine values like sampling rate, bit rate, and bandwidth given information like signal bandwidth, number of bits per sample, and modulation technique. The examples demonstrate how these concepts are related and calculations are performed for different analog transmission scenarios.
bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz)? Solution The sampling rate must be twice the highest frequency in the signal: Sampling rate = 2 x (11,000) = 22,000 samples/s Sampling Rate According to Nyquist theorem sampling rate must be at least 2 times the highest frequency in the signal. Reason Perfect reconstruction is possible if the signal is sampled at this rate.
Sample Rate = 2 X Highest Frequency Used Analog Transmission Example 2 A signal is sampled. Each sample requires at least 11 levels of precision (-5, -4, , -1, 0, +1, , +5) How many bits should be sent for each sample? Solution We need 4 bits. A 3-bit value can represent 2 3 = 8 levels (000 to 111), which is not enough. A 4-bit value can carry up to 2 4 = 16 values.
Note: A signal with L levels actually can carry log 2 L bits per level
Analog Transmission Example 3 We want to digitize the human voice [range: up to 4000 Hz]. What is the bit rate, assuming 8 bits per sample? Solution The human voice normally contains frequencies from 0 to 4000 Hz. Sampling rate = 4000 x 2 = 8000 samples/s
Bit rate = sampling rate x number of bits per sample = 8000 x 8 = 64,000 bps = 64 Kbps Analog Transmission Example 4 An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000 signal units are sent per second, find the baud rate and the bit rate Solution Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s) Bit rate = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps Analog Transmission Example 5 The bit rate of a signal is 3000 bits per second. If each signal unit carries 6 bits, what is the baud rate? Solution Baud rate = 3000 / 6 = 500 baud/s Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Bandwidth is proportional to the signal rate (baud rate). ASK is normally implemented using only 2 levels. When each symbol is binary it carries just one bit, so baud and bit rate are equal. Analog Transmission Example 6 Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal transmitting at 2000 bps. The transmission mode is half- duplex (i.e. in one direction at a time). Solution In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same. The baud rate is therefore 2000 per second. An ASK signal requires a minimum bandwidth equal to its baud rate. Therefore, the minimum bandwidth is 2000 Hz. Analog Transmission Example 7 Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal with 2 signal levels, what are the baud rate and bit rate? Solution In ASK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the baud rate is 5000 per second. But because the baud rate and the bit rate are also the same for ASK with 2 signal levels, the bit rate is 5000 bps. Analog Transmission Example 7 Find the minimum bandwidth for an FSK signal using 2 signal levels transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in half-duplex mode, and the carriers are separated by 3000 Hz. Solution For FSK BW = baud rate + f c1 - f c0
BW = bit rate + fc1 - fc0 = 2000 + 3000 = 5000 Hz f c1 = higher frequency signal level f c0 = lower frequency signal level
The difference is the bandwidth (3000 Hz) Analog Transmission Example 8 Find the maximum bit rates for an FSK signal with 2 signal levels if the bandwidth of the medium is 12,000 Hz and the difference between the two carriers is 2000 Hz. Transmission is in full-duplex mode (i.e. simultaneous, two-way). Solution Because the transmission is full duplex, only 6000 Hz is allocated for each direction. BW = baud rate + fc1 - fc0 Baud rate = BW - (fc1 - fc0 ) = 6000 - 2000 = 4000 But because the baud rate is the same as the bit rate, the bit rate is 4000 bps. Analog Transmission Example 9 Find the bandwidth for a 4-PSK signal transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in half-duplex mode. Solution For 4-PSK the baud rate is one half of the bit rate. Therefore the baud rate is 1000 per second. A PSK signal requires a bandwidth equal to its baud rate. Therefore the bandwidth is 1000 Hz. Analog Transmission Example 9 :4PSK method 1s Analog Transmission Example 10 A constellation diagram consists of eight equally spaced points on a circle. If the bit rate is 4800 bps, what is the baud rate? Solution The constellation indicates 8-PSK with the points 45 degrees apart. Since 2 3 = 8, 3 bits are transmitted with each signal unit. Therefore, the baud rate is 4800 / 3 = 1600 baud per second Analog Transmission Example 10: 8 PSK Method Analog Transmission Example 11 Compute the bit rate for a 1000-baud 16-QAM signal. Solution A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since log 2 16 = 4. Thus, (1000)(4) = 4000 bps