Is There Multiple Intelligence?

EQ vs. IQ
Definition of Intelligence
The ability to learn or understand or to deal
with new or trying situations : the skilled use
of reason

The cognitive abilities of an individual to
learn from experience, to reason well, and to
cope effectively with the demands of daily
living.
"Intelligence, as a hypothetical
construct, is the aggregate or global
capacity of the individual to act
purposefully, to think rationally, and to
deal effectively with his environment

- Wechsler
What is Intelligence?
What is Intelligence?

Although experts differ on an exact definition of
intelligence most agree that intelligent behavior has
at least two components:


1. The ability to learn from experience.


2. The ability to adapt to the surrounding
environment.




Factors of General Intelligence Tests


1. Verbal Comprehension - vocabulary, verbal
analogies
2. Number -- mathematical operations
3. Space - visual-spatial and mental transformation
4. Associative Memory -- rote memory
5. Perceptual Speed -- quickness in noticing
similarities and differences
6. Reasoning - skill in inductive, deductive, and
math problems






What Do We Know About IQ?
Predicts school grades relatively well
Does not predict success in life
Predicts 6% of job success
Peaks in late teens
Culture-bound, Gender Bias, SES
Racial controversies
Gets you in the door
Professional schools (medicine, dentistry, law)
Can help you get hired (Harvard MBA)
Static
Non-Ability Factors Role:

"individuals with identical IQ's may differ very
markedly in regard to their effective ability to cope with
their environmentIt is not possible to account for more
than 50% to 70% of the intertest correlational variance
after all recognizable intellectual factors are eliminated.
This leaves any where from 30% to 50% of the total
factorial variance unaccounted for. It is suggested that
this residual variance is largely contributed by such
factors as drive, energy, impulsiveness, etc."

- Wechsler
What is Emotionally Intelligent Behaviour?
Where Did the Concept of Emotional Intelligence
Come From?

In 1983, Gardner first published his theory, derived from
extensive brain research, on Multiple Intelligence including
intrapersonal (self awareness/self management) and
interpersonal (relationship awareness/management)

Reuven Bar-On (1988) has placed EI in the context of
personality theory, specifically a model of well-being

Peter Salovey and John Mayer first proposed their theory
of emotional intelligence (EI) in 1990 and defined it

Goleman (1995-2003) has popularized the concept of
emotional intelligence and formulated EI in terms of a
theory of job and work performance




Intelligence Core Components End-States
Logical-
mathematical
Linguistic
Musical
Spatial
Sensitivity to, and capacity to discern, logical
or numerical patterns; ability to handle long
chains of reasoning.
Sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and
meanings of words; sensitivity to the
different functions of language.
Abilities to produce and appreciate rhythm,
pitch, and timbre; appreciation of the forms
of musical expressiveness.
Capacities to perceive the visual-spatial
world accurately and to perform
transformations on ones initial perceptions.
Scientist
Mathematician
Poet
Journalist
Violinist
Composer
Sculptor
Navigator
Gardners Seven Intelligences
Gardners Seven Intelligences
Intelligence Core Components End-States
Bodily-
Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Abilities to control ones body
movements and to handle objects
skillfully.
Capacities to discern and respond
appropriately to the moods,
temperaments, motivations, and desires
of other people.
Access to ones own feelings and the
ability to discriminate among them and
draw upon them to guide behavior;
knowledge of ones own strengths,
weaknesses, desires, and intelligences.
Dancer
Athlete
Therapist
Salesman
Person with
detailed
accurate self-
knowledge
Is There Multiple Intelligence?

Social Intelligence
the know-how involved in comprehending social
situations and managing oneself successfully


Emotional Intelligence
ability to perceive, express, understand, and
regulate emotions
What is Emotionally Intelligent
Behaviour?

Intelligence Does Not = Behaviour


I look upon intelligence as an effect rather
than a cause, that is, as a resultant of
interacting abilities - nonintellective included.
The problem confronting psychologists today
is how these abilities interact to give the
resultant effect we call intelligence."

- Wechsler


Mayer-Salovey Model

MSCEIT
Performance or ability measure

Bar-On Model

EQ-I
Self-report measure

Goleman Model

ECI - Self Report Measure
360 measure
What Is Emotional Intelligence?

Emotional intelligence involves the abilities
to perceive, appraise, and express emotion; to
access and/or generate feelings when they
facilitate thought; to understand emotion and
emotional knowledge; and to regulate
emotions to promote emotional and
intellectual growth

- Mayer & Salovey (1997)


What Is Emotional Intelligence?

Social communications requires accurate
perception of content, as well as tone and non-
verbal signals such as posture and facial expression

Emotions are complex, and people can experience
a combination of different emotions

Many theorists agree that basic emotions have
universal meaning - universal across cultures and
even across certain species.


Mayer - Salovey Model
Testing Emotional Intelligence
How should you measure an
intelligence?

With an ability test
Ask person to solve problems
Gauge their ability to do so
accurately and/or quickly
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Model (MSCEIT)

MSCEIT is an ability based measure designed to assess
Emotional Intelligence.


It is a performance based scale, meaning it measures how
well an individual performs tasks and solves emotional
problems - instead of simply just asking individuals for their
subjective assessment of their emotional skills.


It was developed from an intelligence testing perspective.



What Is Emotional Intelligence?
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Model (MSCEIT)

Scales

Identifying Emotions: identify emotions in faces

Using Emotions to Facilitate Thought: use emotions
to solve problems

Understanding Emotions: figure out what makes
people tick

Managing Emotions: make optimal decisions



What Is Emotional Intelligence?
IDENTIFY FACILITATE UNDERSTAND MANAGE
EXPERIENTIAL STRATEGIC
Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test
FACES
PICTURES
SENSATIONS
FACILITATE
CHANGES
BLENDS EMOT. RELAT.
EMOT. MAN.
MSCEIT Structure
Identify Emotions
- Faces: 3 faces (4 5-part Qs)
- Pictures: 6 designs (6 5-part Qs)

Facilitating Thought (Use Emotions)
- Sensations: 5 situations (5 3-part Qs)
- Facilitation: 5 problems (5 3-part Qs)

Understand Emotions
- Changes: 20 item (20 Qs)
- Blends: 12 items (12 Qs)

Manage Emotions
- Emotion Management: 5 situations (5 4-part)
- Emotional Relationships: 3 situations (3 3-part)
Ability
Accurately identify emotions in people and
objects

Question Types
Identify emotions in faces, landscapes, and
designs.

How the Ability May Be Used
"Read" people's moods for feedback.


Identify Emotions

MSCEIT
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
1 2 3 4 5
1. No Happiness
1 2 3 4 5
2. No Fear
Extreme
Happiness
Extreme
Fear
How much is each feeling below expressed by this face?
INSTRUCTIONS: How much is each feeling
expressed by this picture?
1. Happiness
1 2 3 4 5
2. Sadness
Ability
Accurately identify emotions in people and objects
How the Ability May Be Used
"Read" people's moods for feedback.
Ability
Generate an emotion and solve problems with
that emotion

Question Types
How moods impact thinking; relating feelings
to thoughts

How the Ability May Be Used
Creating the right feeling to assist in problem
solving, communicating a vision, leading
people.


Facilitate Thought
1. What mood(s) might be helpful
to feel when meeting in-laws for
the very first time?
a. tension 1 2 3 4 5
b. surprise 1 2 3 4 5
c. joy 1 2 3 4 5
Not Useful Useful
Ability
Generate an emotion and solve problems with that emotion
How the Ability May Be Used
Creating the right feeling to assist in problem solving,
communicating a vision, leading people.

Ability
Understand the causes of emotions

Question Types
Multiple choice emotion vocabulary questions.

How the Ability May Be Used
Being able to predict how people will
emotionally react.


Understand Emotions
Tom felt anxious, and became a bit
stressed when he thought about all
the work he needed to do. When
his supervisor brought him an
additional project, he
felt_______________.
1.
a. overwhelmed
b. depressed
c. ashamed
d. self-conscious
e. jittery
Ability
Understand the causes of emotions
How the Ability May Be Used
Being able to predict how people will emotionally react.
Ability
Stay open to emotions and blend with
thinking.

Question Types
Indicate effectiveness of various solutions to
problems.

How the Ability May Be Used
Integrate emotion and thought to make
effective decisions.


Manage Emotions
Scoring an Ability Test of
Emotional Intelligence
An intelligence implies that there are better
and worse answers or responses.

Problem with the ability approach:
Is there a right way to feel?

Indeed, there are emotional issues that
cannot be measured this way!
Whats the right response to someone
shouting?
Scoring an Ability Test of
Emotional Intelligence
Scoring The MSCEIT
Consensus scoring is used based on
the full standardization sample

Expert scoring is used based on a
sample of 21 members of the
International Society for Research in
Emotions

Consensus scoring has been used with
great success.

It is based upon the agreement of a large
number of people.

For example, if 70 percent of people felt
that a photo was of a very happy person,
then the best answer for the photo would
be happiness.

Consensus Scoring
Based on Wechsler intelligence tests

Responses to intelligence test questions
are categorized

Experts (psychologists) rate quality of
responses

Compare test-takers response to
experts ratings

Expert Scoring
Consensus and Expert Scoring
Converge
Consensus and expert choices for the right
answers are in general agreement! The MSCEIT r
for agreement ranges from .90 upward

So, there are better and worse answers in
general. When there are enough experts, both
general and expert participants now mostly
agree.
How Was the MSCEIT Standardized?
Standardized on 5000
Participants Across
over 50 English-
speaking data sites
in:
Australia
Canada
India
South Africa
United Kingdom
United States

Ages 17 to 79
Reports matched
to United States
Census Data on
age, gender,
ethnicity and
education
Faces .80
IDENTIFY .91 FACIL/USE .79 UNDERSTAND .80 MANAGE .83
Pictures .88
Synesthesia .64
Facilitation .65
Blends .66
Changes .70
Emtn Mangmt .69
Emtn Rltns .67
EXPERIENCE .90 STRATEGIC .88
MSCEIT .93
MSCEIT Reliability

Split-Half Reliabilities of the MSCEIT
(Odd-even split; N = 1,985)


Perceiving
Emotion
r = .91
Using
Emotion
r = .79
Experiential
Area
r = .90
Understanding
Emotion
r = .80
Managing
Emotion
r = .83
Reasoning
Area
r = .88
Overall EIQ
r = .93
Source: Mayer, Salovey, Caruso, & Sitarenios (2003), Emotion
In Two Large-Sample Studies (N > 1700),
Confirmatory Factor Analyses Show Good
Fits for the 1, 2, and 4 Factor Models
Perceiving
Emotion
Using
Emotion
Experiential
Area
Understanding
Emotion
Managing
Emotion
Reasoning
Area
Overall EIQ
T MSCEIT is Essentially Independent
of the Following Tests (Ns > 100):
r = .00 to .35

Self-report Scales of EQ,
optimism, empathy

Sources: Bracket & Mayer, in press; Caruso, Mayer, & Salovey,
2002; Ciarrochi, Chan & Caputo, 2000; Mayer, Caruso, & Salovey,
1999; Roberts, Zeidner, & Mathews, forthcoming; Salovey, Mayer,
Caruso,& Lopez, in press.
r = .00 to .35
Big Five Personality Scales

r = .00 to .40
Intelligence Tests

Low Scores on the MSCEIT Predicted
these Negative Aspects of Relationships:
r = .20 to .46,
p < .001

Higher ratings of aggression by peers
at school

Sources: Brackett & Mayer, in press; Brackett, Mayer, & Warner, under review;
Formica, 1999; Trinidad & Johnson, 2001; Rubin, 2000; N = 48.

r = .15 to 24, p
< .05
More alcohol and tobacco use

r = .21 to .40,
p < .05
More fights, drug use

MSCEITS Criterion Validity
Criterion:

Behavior
Self-Improvement -.16** 503
Rational Control -.39** 208
Life Enthusiasm .22** 208
Relatedness .30** 208
Destructive Behavior -.33** 208

Emotional intelligence is an array of
noncognitive capabilities, competencies, and
skills that influence ones ability to succeed in
coping with environmental demands and
pressures

- Bar-On (1997)


What Is Emotional Intelligence?
Why Was the BarOn EQ-i Developed?
To help answer a basic question:

Why do some people with high IQ fail in
life, while others with moderate IQ
succeed?
Dr. BarOn and Emotional
Intelligence

Dr. Reuven Bar-On began in 1980
factors that were related to success in life
why some people with moderate IQ do well
in life while others with high IQ fail
Distinct from IQ (cognitive intelligence)
components resemble personality factors,
but can change and can be altered

Steps in the Development of BarOn EQ-i

Identified key determinants of success
Clustered determinants of success into
factors
Operationally defined the factors
Constructed the EQ-i

Examined the factor structure, reliability, &
validity
Validated the EQ-i

across cultures
Extensively normed (>10,000)
Continued validation
How Does the EQ-i Work?
133 brief items answered on a 5-point scale from
Not True of Me to True of Me
30 minutes to complete
Standard scores based on 100 as the average,
Standard Deviation of 15
Includes the following scales:
Total EQ
5 EQ Composite Scales
15 EQ Content Scales
4 Validity Scales
BarOn/EQ-i

Factors
Intra-Personal
Emotional Self-
Awareness
Assertiveness
Self-Regard
Self-Actualization
Independence
Inter-Personal
Interpersonal
Relationship
Empathy
Social Responsibility

Adaptability
Problem Solving
Flexibility
Reality Testing
Stress Management
Stress Tolerance
Impulse Control
General Mood
Optimism
Happiness
Sample Test Items:
I have good relations with others
Im fun to be with
I like helping people

Rating Scale:
1 = Very Seldom or Not True of me
5 = Very Often True of Me or True of Me


BarOn/EQ-i
EQ-I Scoring
Standard Score Guideline
130+
Markedly High
Atypically well developed emotional capacity
120-129 Very High
Extremely well developed emotional capacity
110-119 High
Well developed emotional capacity
90-109 Average
Adequate emotional capacity
80-89 Low
Under-developed emotional capacity
70-79 Very Low
Extremely under-developed emotional capacity
Under 70 Markedly Low
Atypically impaired emotional capacity
Sample Sizes
- Over 10,000 used during R&D
- 3,831 used for the norms
Age Males Females
Less than 30 678 814
30 to 39 432 404
40 to 49 452 420
50 or over 214 229
Subgroup Representation
Subgroup % of Sample
Caucasian 77%
Hispanic 3%
Asian 8%
Black 7%
Other 5%
Reliability and Validity
Good reliability
test-retest (>.6 @ 4mths)
Cronbachs alpha (.75 to .89)
Good validity
construct (with other psych. tests)
varying relationships (weak to strong)
correlation with coping, IQ, and
occupational success
EQ and Age (n=3831)
EQ-I and Age Differences
Some of the Applications of the EQ-i

Recruiting high
performers
Retaining high
performers
Teambuilding
Managing diversity
Leadership
development
Coaching
Performance
management
Risk management
Self development
Change management
Merger integration &
re-shaping culture
Restructuring &
realignment
Stress management
Career planning
EQ-i Seems Similar to Existing Models
EQ-i - Bar-Ons test

Intrapersonal
Emotional self-awareness,
assertiveness, self-regard, self-
actualization, independence

Interpersonal
Empathy, interpersonal
relationship, social responsibility

Stress Management
Problem solving, reality testing,
flexibility

Adaptability
Stress tolerance, impulse control

General Mood
happiness, optimism
NEO PI-R - Costa & McCrae

Extraversion
Warmth, gregariousness, optimism,
assertiveness, high-energy



Neuroticism
Stress tolerance, impulse control,
anger, depression, anxiety

What Is Emotional Intelligence?
MSCEIT
EQ-i
Predicted r = + .50 or more
If these are measuring the same thing, there
should be a significant, positive correlation
amongst the measures.
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
MSCEIT
EQ-i
Actual r = .00 to .15
However, the measures are not highly related.

What Does This Mean?

EQ-I and the MSCEIT measure relatively
different things.

How can they both be predicting emotional
intelligence?

How do we use the EQ-I and the MSCEIT?
What Is Emotional Intelligence?

The answers lie in the intelligence / IQ
models of Wechsler:

- Bar-On influenced by Wechslers
search for non-intellective factors.

- Mayer & Salovey working in an
intelligence ability framework.
What Is Emotional Intelligence?

MSCEIT measures fundamental abilities
of emotional intelligence as measured in
an objective manner.


EQ-I measures the non-intellective
factors that impact emotionally-
intelligent behavior as reported by the
person.

What Is Emotional Intelligence?
Research on the Effects of
Intelligence (EI) on Career Success
IQ EI







CAREER
ADVANCEMENT

LOW EI











CAREER
DERAILMENT
EQ & Work Success (n = 100)
Source: A scientific study of 100 university-educated
bank employees using the Bar-On EQ-i

conducted by
Joseph Hee-Woo Jae, Ateneo Manila University,
Philippines.
What Emotional Intelligence Is Not
Cognitive Intelligence (IQ)
IQ is necessary but EQ allows the stars to
rise to the top
EQ and IQ are not highly correlated (about
r = .1)
estimated that 1% of the variance
accounting for occupational success can
be attributed to IQ
EQ is estimated to account for 3 to 27% of
occupational success