arqah

i
By
Sharifah Noorulhuda binti Habib Elias
G1319600

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http://faudzil.blogspot.com/2013/04/world-malaysia-once-upon-
time.html
The Muslim Arabs, Persians and Indians
had established mercantile culture in this
region as early as 7
th
century (Mohd Nazri
Ibrahim et al., p. 2)
The Islamisation took place and flourished
within the Malay Kingdoms as opposed to
influence by Javanese Kingdom as
recorded by the orientalists .(Al-Attas,
1969, p. 7).

PERIOD LOCATION EVENTS
6
th
-7
th

century
Kelantan
(Tan- Tan)
Diplomatic relation with China (Liang
Dynasty). Transit port for Muslim
traders.
Gold coin found 1914 M. dated 1161
M proved Islam had set foot earlier.
Ibnu Bathutah reached Kilu Kerai
(Kuala Kerai) in 1345 M met with
Muslim Queen Urduja.
Invaded by Malaccan Empire
(Sultan Mahmud Syah) in 1477 M
(Mohd Nazri Ibrahim et. Al, 1998).
PERIOD LOCATION EVENTS
9
th

century
Kedah
Al-Masudi wrote Muslim merchants and
traders sought refuge to Kalah (Kedah)
from Canton following the rebellion
among the Tang emperor Hi-Tsung
(256-76 H / 878-879 M) that put the life
of about 120.000-200,000 of them at
stake. Hence, shifted the transference of
the entrepot for Muslims to Kedah.
Tombstone dated 903 M (219 H) found
in 1969 (Tanjung Inggeris, Mukim
Langgar, Alor Setar) belonged to
Shaykh Abdul Qadir ibn Husin Syah
Alam (Alirah)
Kota Sungai Emas built in 1180 M by
Sultan Mu adzzam Syah of Kedah
(1179-1202 C.E.)
PERIOD LOCATION EVENTS
12
th

century
Terengganu
(Fo-Lo-An)
The existence of kingdom in
Kuala Berang, Terengganu at
the end of 13
th
century as
mentioned in a book: Ling Wai
Tai Ta (1173M)
Batu Bersurat Terengganu (22
February 1303M), King
Mandalika, Islamic rules =
Batu Bersurat Phang Rang in
Cambodia (received Islam in
early 10
th
century)
PERIOD LOCATION EVENTS
15
th

century
Melaka
(Malacca)
Raja Kecil Besar (Sultan
Muhammad Shah@Sultan Megat
Iskandar Shah) embraced Islam
from Sayyid Abdul Aziz in 1414M
Sultan Mansur Shah during the
Golden era spread Islam through
conquest of Tanah Melayu and
Sumatra in 1459M (Mohd Nazri et
al, 1998, p.8). Studied tasawwuf
book Al-Durr Al-Manzumm (The
Arranged Pearls) under Mawlana
Abu Bakr (Shellebear, 1967)
Sultan Mahmud Shah studied Al-
Luma (by Al-Tusi) under Mawlana
Yusuf
Professor Emeritus Cesar Adib Majul (1999)
discussed six theories of how Islam penetrates the
Malay world in which include trade, missionary,
politics, economics, crusade as well as spiritual or
psychological factors. As far as spiritual is
concerned, the quite similar theory had been
discussed by Professor Syed Naquib Al-Attas (1969)
with the emphasis on Sufism and its tariqah as
identical to embracing Islam in the region (p. 5).

PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATION
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
7
T
H

c
e
n
t
u
r
y

Q
a
d
i
r
i
y
y
a
h

A
c
h
e
h

Syamsu al-din al-
Sumatrani
(d. 1630M)
Hamzah Al-Fansuri
(d. 1636M)


flourished in Acheh
during the reign of
Sultan Alauddin
Ri`ayat Syah also
known as Sayyid Al-
Mukammal from
998-1013H / 1589
1604M. (Al-Attas,
1969, p. 16).
PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATION
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
7
T
H

c
e
n
t
u
r
y

S
h
a
t
a
r
i
y
y
a
h
,

Q
a
d
a
r
i
y
y
a
h

P
a
r
i
a
m
a
n

a
n
d

t
h
e

w
h
o
l
e

M
i
n
a
n
g
k
a
b
a
w


Shaykh Abd al-
Rauf ibn Ali al-
Fansuri (d.
1693M) and his
disciple,
Shaykh
Burhanuddin
Ulakkan
(d. 1693)

The spiritual
teacher of
Shaykh Abd al-
Malik ibn
Abdullah, Tok
Pulau Manis,
Terengganu
(d. 1736M)
PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATION
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
7
T
H

c
e
n
t
u
r
y

A
i
d
r
u
s
i
y
y
a
h
,

R
i
f
a
i
y
y
a
h
,


Q
a
d
i
r
i
y
y
a
h

A
c
h
e
h


Nuruddin Al-Raniri (d.
1658M)
(Sayyid Shaykh
Mawlana Nuruddin
Hasanji bin
Muhammad Hamid al-
Quraisyi al-Ranir)
Attempted to replace
wahdah al-wujud
with wahdah al-
syuhud
His spiritual lineage
khown from Yusuf
Al-Mankatsi@ Al-
Makasar as being
the Qadirite as well
as Naqshabandiyya.
PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATIO
N
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
7
T
H

c
e
n
t
u
r
y

N
a
q
s
h
a
b
a
n
d
i
y
y
a
,

K
h
a
l
w
a
t
i
y
y
a
h

S
u
l
a
w
e
s
i

Yusuf Al-
Mankatsi@Al-
Makasar Taj al-
Khalwatiy
(d. 1699)
Abd al-Rauf al-
Singkili
(d. after 1693)
received Naqshabandiyya in
Yemen from Ibrahim Al-
Kuranis disciple, Tajuddin
Uthmni. ((Weismann, 2007,
p. 109)
no evidences shown that
they spread Naqshabandiyya
branches but were rather
remembered as respective
founders of Khalwatiyya and
Shatariyyah in Indonesia
(ibid;
Wan (2000) recorded the
cross reference spiritual
geneology of Yusuf al-
Makasar and Shaykh Ismail
in Muhammad Baqi billah
(p.64)
PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATION
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
9
T
H

c
e
n
t
u
r
y

Q
a
d
i
r
i
y
y
a

@
N
a
q
s
h
a
b
a
n
d
i
y
y
a
-

Q
a
d
i
r
i
y
y
a

J
a
v
a

Ahmad Khatib al-
Sambasi (d.
1863@ 1871) in
Mecca
Received Qadiriyyah from
Shaykh Samsuddin and
Naqshabandiyya from
Uthman al-Dumyati.
dispute in internal affairs with
Ismail al-Minangkabawi Al-
Khalidiyy (1906-1908)
(Bruneissen, 2007, p. 233)
Elected Shaykh Ismail Zainal
Abidin al-Kelantani as his
head deputy/ disciple. He
died in Sambas.
Other disciple Haji Abdul
Lathif bin Haji Abd Al-qadir
(teacher of al-Alim al-Allamah
Shaykh Uthmn Sarawak
who took pledge of alliance
from Shaykh Abd al-Karm al-
Bantni.
Other disciple Haji
Muhammad Yassin from
Kedah.
PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATION
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
7
t
h

C
e
n
t
u
r
y

(
c
i
r
c
a

1
8
5
0

s
)

N
a
q
s
h
a
b
a
n
d
i
y
y
a
-
M
u
j
a
d
d
i
d
i
-
K
h
a
l
i
d
i
y
y
@

K
h
a
l
w
a
t
i
y
y
a
h

S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e

(
W
e
i
s
m
a
n
n
,

2
0
0
7
;

B
r
u
i
n
e
s
s
s
e
n
,

2
0
0
7
)

R
i
a
u

(
W
a
n
,

2
0
0
0
)

L
a
n
g
k
a
t
,

B
a
b
u
s
s
a
l
a
m
,

I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a

Shaykh Isma il bin
Abdullah al-
Minangkabawi
[d. 1857 (Weismann,
2007@ d. 1864
(Wan, 2000)]

His earliest biography
was reported by Raja
Ali Haji in Tuhfah al-
Nafis

Spread the movement
to the rest of the Malay
peninsula notably
Kedah, Semabuk
(Melaka), Pondok
Upeh, Balik Pulau,
Penang (Jahid, 1989
PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATION
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
7
t
h

C
e
n
t
u
r
y

(
c
i
r
c
a

1
8
5
0

s
)

N
a
q
s
h
a
b
a
n
d
i
y
y
a
-
M
u
j
a
d
d
i
d
i
-
K
h
a
l
i
d
i
y
y
@

K
h
a
l
w
a
t
i
y
y
a
h

T
h
e

o
n
l
y

N
a
q
s
h
a
b
a
n
d
i
y
y
a

i
n

t
h
e

w
o
r
l
d

t
h
a
t

s
e
t

u
p

a

v
i
l
l
a
g
e

i
n

L
a
n
g
k
a
t
,

B
a
b
u
s
s
a
l
a
m
,

I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a

(
W
e
i
s
m
a
n
n
,

2
0
0
7
,

1
1
1
L
a
n
g
k
a
t
,

B
a
b
u
s
s
a
l
a
m
,

I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a

Shaykh Abd al-
Wahhab Rokan
(d. 1926)
A principle deputy of
Shaykh Sulayman Zuhdi
Spread the movement as
early as 1854M at the
court of Siak Sri
Inderapura.
Elected 120 deputies
covering the whole
Sumatra and Malay
Peninsula. (ibid). In
Malaysia among his
existing spiritual
descendants from his son
Shaykh Daud Rokan are
TH Jahid bin Sidek and
TH Habib Shah Firdaus
bin Habib Ahmad Al-
Khailani, Al-Hassani.

PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATION
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
7
t
h

C
e
n
t
u
r
y

(
c
i
r
c
a

1
8
5
0

s
)

N
a
q
s
h
a
b
a
n
d
i
y
y
a
-
M
u
j
a
d
d
i
d
i
-
K
h
a
l
i
d
i
y
y
@

K
h
a
l
w
a
t
i
y
y
a
h

I
N
D
O
N
E
S
I
A

Dr. Shaykh Haji
Jalaluddin
(d. 1976)


Disciple from Shaykh
Ali Ridh [contemporary
/ disciple of Sulayman
Zuhdi (d. before 1924)]
Involved in politics of
Sukarno as staunch
supporter
Authors of many
Naqshabandiyya books
to safeguard it from
accusation
PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATION
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
7
t
h

C
e
n
t
u
r
y

(
c
i
r
c
a

1
8
5
0

s
)

N
a
q
s
h
a
b
a
n
d
i
y
y
a
-
M
u
j
a
d
d
i
d
i
-
K
h
a
l
i
d
i
y
y
@

K
h
a
l
w
a
t
i
y
y
a
h

I
N
D
O
N
E
S
I
A

Shaykh Kadirun
Yahya
[Dr. H. Saidi
Syaikh Kadirun
Yahya Muhamma
d Amin Al Khalidi
(d. 2001)]
Shaykh Jalaluddins
son in law who
disreconised him as his
murshid but
acknowledge a direct
acces to Shaykh Ali
Ridh from Jabal
Qubays. (Bruinessen,
2007, p. 235)
The movement has
been banned in
Malaysia (Fatwa JAKIM
dated Oct 2, 1985

PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATION
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
7
t
h

C
e
n
t
u
r
y

N
a
q
s
h
a
b
a
n
d
i
y
y
a
-
M
u
j
a
d
d
i
d
i
-
A
h
m
a
d
i
y
y

@

A
h
m
a
d
i
y
y
a

M
a
d
h
h
a
r
i
y
y
a

(
M
u
z
h
a
r
i
y
y
a
h
)

R
i
a
u
-
L
i
n
g
g
a

Sayyid
Muhammad
alih bin Abd al-
Rahman al-
Zawawi
(d. 1890M)
His son became Mufti
- In Mecca, Riau-Lingga and
Pontianak (Sayyid Abdullah
al-Zawawi (d. 1924)
- Sayyid Abdullahs grandson
(Sayyid Yusuf bin Sayyid Ali,
d. became Mufti in
Terengganu
Tokku Paloh took the order
from Sayyid Abdullah. then
initiated Abdul Rahman
Limbong and Sultan Zainal
Abidin III in Terengganu.
Currently was practiced by
followers of Wan Sulaiman
bin Wan Shiddiq (Pak Wan
Sulaiman)
PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATION
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
8
t
h

c
e
n
t
u
r
y

K
h
a
l
w
a
t
i
y
y
a
h
@

K
h
a
l
w
a
t
i
y
y
a
h

S
a
m
m
a
n
i
y
y
a
h

N
o
r
t
h
e
n

T
a
n
a
h

M
e
l
a
y
u

Shaykh Abd al-
Samad al-
Falimbni bin
Shaykh Abdul Jalil
(martyred in a
battle with the
Siamese in ?)
His father is the
spiritual teacher of
Tengku Muhammad
Jiwa of Kedah in
1710M
Author of Hidayatul
Salikin (the Malay
version of Al-
Ghazzaliyys
tasawwuf book.
PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATION
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
8
t
h

c
e
n
t
u
r
y

A
l
a
w
i
y
y
a
h

S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
,

J
a
v
a

Sayyid Abdullah
bin Alawi Al-
Haddad in
Hadramawt
(d.1720M).


(predominant
among the Arab
Hadramis of
prophetic
descendants in the
region )
PERIOD
ARIQAH
LOCATION
PROMINENT
FIGURES
NOTES
1
9
t
h

c
e
n
t
u
r
y

A
h
m
a
d
i
y
y
a
h
-
I
d
r
i
s
i
y
y
a
h

E
a
s
t
e
r
n

T
a
n
a
h

M
e
l
a
y
u

Sayyidi
Ahmad bin
Idris (d. 1837)
His disciple was
Sayyidi Ibrahim
Rashidi followed by
Sayyidi Muhammad
bin Ahmad al-
Dandarawi (d. 1909)
who recruited Wan Ali
Kutan al-Kalantani and
Tuan Tabal bin Mohd
Salih al-Kalantani
(1930s) and Tuan
Guru Haji Daud Bukit
Abal (1960s)
Marchinkowski (2009) wrote that the large scale
of Islamisation of the Malay-Indonesian
Archipelago (especially Sumatra and parts of
Java) in particular during the 13
th
and 14
th

century was further advanced by branches and
offshoots of the leading mystical orders (Arab
plur.: ariqt, uruq, sing.: tarqah) the en vogue
in the Middle east and India, with which many of
the arriving Arab merchants and preachers of
Islam were affiliated (p. 2).