Slides for Chapter 2:

Architectural Models
From Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg
Distributed Systems:
Concepts and Design
Edition 4, Pearson Education 2005
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.1
Software and hardware service layers in distributed systems
Applications, serv ices
Computer and net work hardware
Platf orm
Operat ing syst em
Middleware
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.2
Clients invoke individual servers
Serv er
Client
Client
inv ocation
result
Serv er
inv ocation
result
Process:
Key:
Computer:
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.3
A distributed application based on peer processes
Application
Application
Application
Peer 1
Peer 2
Peer 3
Peers 5 . . .. N
Sharable
objects
Application
Peer 4
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.4
A service provided by multiple servers
Serv er
Serv er
Serv er
Serv ice
Client
Client
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.5
Web proxy server
Client
Proxy
Web
server
Web
server
server
Client
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.6
Web applets
a) client request results in t he downloading of applet code
Web
server
Client
Web
server
Applet
Applet code
Client
b) client interact s wit h the applet
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.7
Thin clients and compute servers
Thin
Client
Application
Process
Network computer or PC
Compute server
network
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.8
Real-time ordering of events
send
receive
send
receive
m
1
m
2
2
1
3
4
X
Y
Z
Physical
t ime
A
m
3
receive receive
send
receive receive receive
t
1
t
2
t
3
receive
receive
m
2
m
1
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.9
Processes and channels
process p process q
Communicat ion channel
send
Outgoing message buf f er I ncoming message buf f er
receive m
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.10
Omission and arbitrary failures
Class of failure Affects Description
Fail-stop Process Process halts and remains halted. Other processes may
detect this state.
Crash Process Process halts and remains halted. Other processes may
not be able to detect this state.
Omission Channel A message inserted in an outgoing message buffer never
arrives at the other ends incoming message buffer.
Send-omission Process A process completes a send, but the message is not put
in its outgoing message buffer.
Receive-omission Process A message is put in a processs incoming message
buffer, but that process does not receive it.
Arbitrary
(Byzantine)
Process or
channel
Process/channel exhibits arbitrary behaviour: it may
send/transmit arbitrary messages at arbitrary times,
commit omissions; a process may stop or take an
incorrect step.
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.11
Timing failures
Class of Failure Affects Description
Clock Process Processs local clock exceeds the bounds on its
rate of drift from real time.
Performance Process Process exceeds the bounds on the interval
between two steps.
Performance Channel A messages transmission takes longer than the
stated bound.
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.12
Objects and principals
Network
inv ocation
result
Client
Serv er
Principal (user) Principal (server)
Object
Access right s
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.13
The enemy
Communication channel
Copy of m
Process p
Process q
m
The enemy
m
Instructors Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4
Pearson Education 2005
Figure 2.14
Secure channels
Principal A
Secure channel Process p Process
q
Principal B