By L D Poyyara Poyyara Consultants 2 What Is GMAW ? A Fusion Welding Process Semi Automatic Arc Between Consumable Electrode &Work Arc Generated by Electric Energy From a Rectifier / Thyrester / Inverter Filler Metal As Electrode Continuously fed From Layer Wound Spool. Filler Wire Driven to Arc By Wire Feeder through Welding Torch Arc & Molten Pool Shielded by Inert Gas through Torch / Nozzle Poyyara Consultants 3 Gas Metal Arc Welding MIG Shielding Gas Ar / Ar + O 2 / Ar + Co 2
MAG Shielding Gas Co 2
FCAW Shielding Gas Co 2 With Flux cored Wire Note:- Addition of 1 5% of O 2 or 5 10% of Co 2 in Ar. increases wetting action of molten metal Poyyara Consultants 4 Power Source For MIG / MAG Inverter- DC Thyristor DC Diesel Generator DC Rectifier DC
Poyyara Consultants 5 Characteristic Of GMAW Power Source Constant V / Linier Characteristic Appx. Horizontal Curve V1 V2 A1 A2 A V Poyyara Consultants 6 Current & Polarity DC- Electrode +Ve Stable Arc Smooth Metal Transfer Relatively Low Spatter Good Weld Bead Characteristics DC- Electrode Ve, Seldom Used AC- Commercially Not In use Poyyara Consultants 7 Accessories Of GMAW Power Source Wire Feed Unit Shielding Gas Cylinder, Pressure gauges/ Regulator, Flow meter ( Heater For Co 2 ) Welding Torch Water Cooling System (For Water cooled Torch) Earthing Cable With Clamp Poyyara Consultants 8 Tools For GMAW Head Screen With DIN 13 / 14 Dark Glass Hand Wire Brush / Grinder With Wire Wheel Cutting Pliers Hand Gloves Chipping Hammer / Chisel & hammer Spanner Set Cylinder Key Anti-spatter Spray Earthing Cable With Clamp Poyyara Consultants 9 GMAW Torch Torch Handle Spring Conduit Job Arc Gas Cup Shielding Gas Filler Wire - Electrode Nozzle Tip On / Off Switch Poyyara Consultants 10 Equipment & Accessories + Wire Inside Spring Lining Flow Meter Welding Torch Wire Feeder Shielding Gas Cylinder Pressure Regulator Argon / Co 2
Shielding Power Source With Inductance Work Arc
Solenoid Valve Copper Cup Wire Spool Electrode / Wire Shielding Gas Heater (Only For Co 2 ) Contact Tip Switch Torch With Cable Max. 3Mtr Poyyara Consultants 11 Types Of Wire Feeding In GMAW Push Type Wire fed in to The torch by Pushing through Flexible Conduit From A Remote Spool Pull Type Feed Rollers Mounted on The Torch Handle Pulls the Wire From A Remote spool Self Contained Wire Feeder & The Spool On the Torch
Poyyara Consultants 12 Function Of Shielding Gas In GMAW Prevents Air contamination of weld Pool Prevents Contamination During Metal Transfer Increases fluidity of molten metal Minimizes the spatter generation Helps in even & uniform bead finish
Poyyara Consultants 13 Shielding Gases For GMAW MIG: Argon Or Helium For SS, CS, LAS & Non-ferrous MIG: Ar + 1 to 2 % O 2 , Wire With Add. Mn & Si For SS, CS & LAS MIG: Ar + 5 to 20 % Co 2 Wire With Add. Mn & Si For SS, CS & LAS MAG: Co 2 With Solid Wire For CS FCAW: Co 2 With Flux Cored Wire For CS, LAS & SS Overlay
Poyyara Consultants 14 ASME Classification For CS GMAW Wire SFA 5.18 : - CS Solid Wire ER 70 S 2, ER 70 S 3 ER 70 S 6, ER 70 S 7
SFA 5.20 :- CS Flux Cored Wire E 71 T-1, E 71 T-2 ( Co 2 Gas ) E 71 T-1M, E 71 T-2M ( Ar + Co 2 Mix)
Poyyara Consultants 15 GMAW CS Wire Generally Copper Coated Prevents Oxidation / rusting in Storage Promotes Electric Conductivity in Arcing Available In Solid & Flux Cored Size in mm 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.6, 2, 2.4, 3 Manganese & Silicon ( Mn 1 2 %, Si Max 1%) Act As Deoxidizing Agents Eliminate Porosity Increase Wetting Of Molten Pool
Poyyara Consultants 16 Metal Transfer In MIG Short-Circuiting / Dip Transfer
Globular Transfer
Spray Transfer / Free Flight Mode
Poyyara Consultants 17 Metal Transfer In MIG Dip/Short Circuiting Globular Spray / Free Flight CS Solid Wire 1.2 mm Above230A 24 35 V 120 to 250A 16 24 V Up to 120A 14 22V Co 2 or Ar Co 2 or Ar Only Ar / Ar+O 2 Poyyara Consultants 18 Short-Circuiting / Dip Transfer Wire In Contact With Molten Pool 20 to 200 times per Second Operates in Low Amps & Volts Less Deposition Best Suitable for Out of Position Welding Suitable for Welding Thin Sheets Relatively Large opening of Root Can be Welded Less Distortion Best Suitable for Tacking in Set up Prone to Get Lack of Fusion in Between Beads
Poyyara Consultants 19 Globular Transfer Metal transferred in droplets of Size grater than wire diameter Operates in Moderate Amps & Volts Better Deposition Common in Co 2 Flux Cored and Solid Wire Suitable for General purpose Welding
Poyyara Consultants 20 Free Flight / Spray Transfer Metal transferred in multiples of small droplets 100 to 1000 Droplets per Second Metal Spray Axially Directed Electrode Tip Remains pointed Applicable Only With Inert Gas Shielding Not With Co 2 Operates in Higher Amps & Volts Higher Deposition Rate Not Suitable for Welding in Out of Position. Suitable for Welding Deep Grooves
Poyyara Consultants 21 Pulsed Spray Welding Power Source Provides Two different Current LevelsBackground and Peakat regular interval Background & Peak are above and below the Average Current Best Suitable for Full Penetration Open Root Pass Welding Good Control on Bead Shape and Finish Poyyara Consultants 22 Synergic Pulse GMAW Parameters of Pulsed Current (Frequency, Amplitude, Duration, Background Current) Related to Wire feed Rate One Droplet detaches with each pulse An Electronic Control unit synchronizes wire feed Rate with Pulse Parameters Best Suitable for Most Critical Full Penetration Open Root Pass Welding Good Control on Open Root penetration, Bead Shape and Finish Poyyara Consultants 23 GMAW Process Variables Current Voltage Travel Speed Stick Out / Electrode Extension Electrode Inclination Electrode Size Shielding Gas & Flow Rate Welding Position Poyyara Consultants 24 Parameter For 1.2 FC Wire Current 200 to 240 A Voltage 22-24 Travel Speed 150 to 250 mm / min Stick Out / Electrode Extension 15 to 20 mm Electrode Inclination Back Hand Technique Shielding Gas Co 2 , 12 L/Min
Poyyara Consultants 25 Parameter For 1.2 Solid Wire Current 180 to 220 A Voltage 20-22 Travel Speed 150 to 200 mm / min Stick Out / Electrode Extension 10 to 20 mm Electrode Inclination Back Hand Technique Shielding Gas Co2 12 L/Min
Poyyara Consultants 26 Results In Change Of Parameters Increase In Current More deposition, More Penetration, More BM Fusion Increase In Voltage More Weld Bead Width, Less Penetration, Less Reinforcement, Excess Spatter Increase In Travel Speed Decrease in Penetration, Decrease in Bead Width, Decrease In Gas Flow rate Results In porosity Long Stick Out / Electrode Extension Excess Weld Deposit With Less Arc intensity, Poor Bead Finish, Shallow Penetration
Poyyara Consultants 27 Common Defects In GMAW 1. Porosity 2. Spatters 3. Lack Of Fusion 4. Under Cut 5. Over Lap 6. Slag 7. Crack 8. Lack Of Penetration 9. Burn Through 10. Convex Bead 11. Unstable Arc 12. Wire Stubbing
Poyyara Consultants 28 Porosity Cause Remedy 1) Less Mn & Si In Wire 2) Rusted / Unclean BM / Groove 3) Rusted wire 4) Inadequate Shielding Gas
1) Use High Mn & Si Wire 2) Clean & warm the BM 3) Replace the Wire 4) Check & Correct Flow Rate
Porosity . . Poyyara Consultants 29 Spatters Cause Remedy 1) Low Voltage 2) Inadequate Inductance 3) Rusted BM surface 4) Rusted Core wire 5) Quality Of Gas 1) Increase Voltage 2) Increase Inductance 3) Clean BM surface 4) Replace By Rust Free wire 5) Change Over To Ar + Co2
Spatters
Poyyara Consultants 30 Lack Of Fusion Cause Remedy 1) Inadequate Current 2) Inadequate Voltage 3) Wrong Polarity 4) Slow Travel Speed 5) Excessive Oxide On Joint 1) Use Right Current 2) Use Right Voltage 3) Connect Ele. + Ve 4) Increase Travel speed 5) Clean Weld Joint Lack Of Fusion Poyyara Consultants 31 Undercut Cause Remedy 1) Excess Voltage 2) Excess Current 3) Improper Torch angle 4) Excess Travel Speed 1) Reduce Voltage 2) Reduce Current 3) Train & Qualify the Welder 4) Reduce Travel Speed Under cut Poyyara Consultants 32 Overlap Cause Remedy 1) Too Long Stick Out
2) Inadequate Voltage 1) Reduce Stick Out
2) Increase the Voltage
Overlap Poyyara Consultants 33 Slag Cause Remedy 1) Inadequate Cleaning 2) Inadequate Current 3) Wrong Torch angle 4) Improper bead placement 1) Clean each bead 2) Use Right Current 3) Train / Qualify welder 4) Train / Qualify Welder
Slag Poyyara Consultants 34 Crack Cause Remedy 1) Incorrect Wire Chemistry 2) Too Small Weld Bead 3) Improper Preheat 4) Excessive Restrain 1) Use Right Wire 2) Increase wire Feed 3) Preheat Uniformly 4) Post heating or ISR crack Poyyara Consultants 35 Lack Of Penetration* Cause Remedy 1) Too Narrow Groove Angle 2) Inadequate Root opening 3) Too Low Welding current 4) Wrong Torch angle 5) Puddle Roll In Front Of Arc 6) Long Stick Out 1) Widen The Groove 2) Increase Root Opening 3) Increase Current 4) Train / Qualify Welder 5) Correct Torch Angle 6) Reduce Stick Out LOP * Applicable to SSFPW Poyyara Consultants 36 Burn through* Cause Remedy 1) Excess Current 2) Excess Root opening 3) Inadequate Root face 4) Too Low Travel Speed 5) Quality Of Gas 1) Reduce the Current 2) Reduce root opening 3) Increase root face 4) Increase Speed 5) Use Ar + Co2
Burn trough *Applicable to root pass Poyyara Consultants 37 Convex Bead Finish Cause Remedy 1) Low Current 2) Low Voltage 3) Low Travel Speed 4) Low Inductance 5) Too Narrow Groove
1) Increase Current 2) Increase Voltage 3) Increase Travel Speed 4) Increase Inductance 5) Increase Groove Width
Uneven bead finish Poyyara Consultants 38 Unstable arc Cause Remedy 1) Improper Wire Feed 2) Improper Gas Flow 3) Twisted Torch Conduit 1) Check Wire Feeder 2) Check Flow Meter 3) Straighten Torch Cab Poyyara Consultants 39 Wire Stubbing Cause Remedy 1) Too Low Voltage 2) Too High Inductance 3) Excess Slope 4) Too Long Stick Out 1) Increase Voltage 2) Reduce Inductance 3) Adjust Slope 4) Reduce Stick Out Poyyara Consultants 40 Important Terminology used in Critical Welding Preheating Post Heating or Dehydrogenation Intermediate Stress leaving Inter pass Temperature Post Weld Heat Treatment
Poyyara Consultants 41 What Is Preheating? Heating the base metal along the weld joint to a predetermined minimum temperature immediately before starting the weld. Heating by Oxy fuel flame or electric resistant coil Heating from opposite side of welding wherever possible Temperature to be verified by thermo chalks prior to starting the weld
Poyyara Consultants 42 Why Preheating? Preheating eliminates possible cracking of weld and HAZ Applicable to Hardenable low alloy steels of all thickness Carbon steels of thickness above 25 mm. Restrained welds of all thickness
Preheating temperature vary from 75C to 200C depending on hardenability of material, thickness & joint restrain Poyyara Consultants 43 How does Preheating Eliminate Crack? Preheating promotes slow cooling of weld and HAZ Slow cooling softens or prevents hardening of weld and HAZ Soft material not prone to crack even in restrained condition Poyyara Consultants 44 What Is Post Heating? Raising the pre heating temperature of the weld joint to a predetermined temperature range (250 C to 350 C) for a minimum period of time (3 Hrs) before the weld cools down to room temperature. Post heating performed when welding is completed or terminated any time in between. Heating by Oxy fuel flame or electric resistant coil Heating from opposite side of welding wherever possible Temperature verified by thermo chalks during the period
Poyyara Consultants 45 Why Post Heating? Post heating eliminates possible delayed cracking of weld and HAZ Applicable to Thicker hardenable low alloy steels Restrained hardenable welds of all thickness Post heating temperature and duration depends on hardenability of material, thickness & joint restrain Poyyara Consultants 46 How does Post Heating Eliminate Crack? SMAW introduces hydrogen in weld metal Entrapped hydrogen in weld metal induces delayed cracks unless removed before cooling to room temperature Retaining the weld at a higher temperature for a longer duration allows the hydrogen to come out of weld Poyyara Consultants 47 What Is Intermediate Stress Relieving? Heat treating a subassembly in a furnace to a predetermined cycle immediately on completion of critical restrained weld joint / joints without allowing the welds to go down the pre heat temperature. Rate of heating, Soaking temperature, Soaking time and rate of cooling depends on material quality and thickness Applicable to Highly restrained air hardenable material
Poyyara Consultants 48 Why Intermediate Stress Relieving? Restrained welds in air hardenable steel highly prone to crack on cooling to room temperature.
Cracks due to entrapped hydrogen and built in stress
Intermediate stress relieving relieves built in stresses and entrapped hydrogen making the joint free from crack prone Poyyara Consultants 49 What Is Inter- Pass Temperature? The temperature of a previously layed weld bead immediately before depositing the next bead over it Temperature to be verified by thermo chalk prior to starting next bead Applicable to Stainless Steel Carbon Steel & LAS with minimum impact
Poyyara Consultants 50 Why Inter Pass Temperature? Control on inter pass temperature avoids over heating, there by Refines the weld metal with fine grains Improves the notch toughness properties Minimize the loss of alloying elements in welds Reduces the distortion Poyyara Consultants 51 What Is Post Weld Heat Treatment? Heat treating an assembly on completion of all applicable welding, in an enclosed furnace with controlled heating/cooling rate and soaking at a specific temperature for a specific time. Rate of heating, Soaking temperature, Soaking time and rate of cooling depends on material quality and thickness Applicable to All type of CS & LAS Poyyara Consultants 52 Why Post Weld Heat Treatment? Welded joints retain internal stresses within the structure HAZ of welds remains invariably hardened Post Weld Heat Treatment relieves internal stresses and softens HAZ. This reduces the cracking tendency of the equipment in service Poyyara Consultants 53 Thanks