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Objectives for Exercise 10
At the end of this Exercise, you will be able to:
■ Describe the construction of a fiber optic cable.
■ State the difference between a fiber’s core and
cladding material.
■ Explain the terms “total internal reflection” and
“critical angle.”
■ Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
single mode fiber optic cable.
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Objectives (Continued)
■ Compare the advantages and disadvantages
of fiber optic cable to copper cable.
■ List the three wireless LAN technologies.
■ Explain the major differences between IR
and RF technologies.
■ Describe how wireless LANs fit into
networking schemes.
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History of Optical Fiber
Core Cladding
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Fiber Optic Cable
*CAUTION*
When pulling this cable,
apply tension ONLY to
the strength member.
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How Does Optical Fiber Work?
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Total Internal Reflection
■ You can think of an optical fiber as a hall of
mirrors. In fiber, notice that the border between
core and cladding serves as the mirrors.
Hall of Mirrors
Cladding
Optical Fiber Core
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Fiber Modes and Indices
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Step and Graded Index Fiber
■ Step index fiber provides a single, abrupt change in its index of
refraction.
■ Unlike step index, the cladding of graded index has a non-
uniform index of refraction.
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Critical Angle
■ The critical angle is that angle at which a ray
is not allowed to pass through the barrier
between core and cladding.
■ At angles greater than the critical angle, all
energy is reflected back into the core.
Input Output
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Singlemode Fiber
Input Output
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Bandwidth
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Disadvantages of Fiber Optics
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Wireless Communications
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Common Characteristics
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Diffuse Infrared Connections
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Diffuse Infrared LAN
Connections
■ This illustrates how additional nodes can
connect to a wired LAN using diffuse IR.
LAN
LAN
LAN Additional Infra-Red LAN Nodes
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How RF LANs Work
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Radio Frequency Technologies
■ The FCC has allotted bands of frequencies
for use by wireless LANs. Applications
using these frequencies include:
■ Narrowband
■ Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping
(FHSS)
■ Spread Spectrum Direct Sequence (DSSS)
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Narrowband
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Narrowband Signal Plot
■ Notice this occupies a very small portion of
the allocated frequency band.
■ Has relatively high power output but very low
data rate.
■ Annual FCC license is required for each
transmitter site.
Allocated Spectrum
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Spread Spectrum
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FHSS Signal Plot
Transmitted signal hops from frequency to
frequency. The frequency-shift pattern must be
known to both the transmitter and the receiver.
This 2.4 GHz band contains 83 discrete 1 MHz
channels.
FHSS
2400 MHz 2483 MHz
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Direct-Sequence Spread
Spectrum
■ DSSS uses a complex modulation/
demodulation technique to spread its power
over a wide portion of allocated bandwidth.
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Now It’s Your Turn
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