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Outline
CFD Basics
Application of CFD in Hydro Power Plants
Piping system design challenges
Case studies
More Turbo Machinery solutions by ANSYS
Conclusion
Questions and Discussion

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What is CFD?
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the numerical
study of how things flow.
CFD is used as a tool by many engineers
(mechanical, chemical, etc.) across a broad range of
industries.
CFD can provide detailed information about what is
happening in a process where fluid is in motion.
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Uses of CFD
Architectural
Environmental
Process/Food Industry
Automotive/Mechanical
Aerospace
Safety/Health
Power Generation
Bio-medical
Sports
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The Building Block
The most basic building block in CFD is the
conservation volume
Conservation volume:
what goes in + what is made/destroyed = what goes out
what goes in what goes out
what is
made/destroyed
conservation volume
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Assembling the Blocks
Simple algebraic
equations describe how
the conservation
volumes are connected.
These simple equations
conserve mass,
momentum and energy.
The conservation volumes are assembled together to fill
space.
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Conservation Volumes Assembled
Around A Car
Once the conservation volumes are assembled,
a flow field can be calculated.
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The Final Solution
The final flow field may look like this.
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CFD Basic Concepts
The Control Volume
Conservation Laws
Governing Equations of CFD
Linear and Non-Linear Partial Differential
Equations
Boundary Conditions
Discrete Methods
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Steps in a CFD Simulation
Step I: Pre-processing step - define the problem
Define the geometry
Define the domain(s)
Define boundary and initial conditions
Define the mesh
Define solver parameters
Step II: Solution step
Solve the governing equations
Step III: Post-processing step
Analyze results
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Step I: Pre-processing
Define the geometry
Domain in which the
governing equations will be
solved and solution obtained
Create a B-rep Solid
Define the fluid domain.
Create fluid regions (fluid,
solid, conducting solid,
porous media)
Assign fluid properties
(viscosity, thermal
conductivity, specific heat,
etc)
Select the physical models
(turbulence models,
compressibility, buoyancy,
two-phase flow, etc)

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Step I: Pre-processing
Grid Generation
Process of generating finite volumes or cells
Tetrahedral/Pyramidal/Prismatic/Hexahedral cells created
Surface mesh and volume mesh make up the grid
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Step I: Pre-processing
Define the boundary conditions
Needed on all external surfaces of geometry
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Step II: Solving
Solve the governing
equations
Set the flow solver options
Iteratively solve the
governing equations
Obtain convergence
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Step III: Post-processing
Qualitative
Graphical format
Pressure, Temperature distribution
Velocity field


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Step III: Post-processing
Quantitative
Quantitative post-processing is the reduction of data to
produce performance coefficients



Simplifies comparison of designs
Application dependent
Examples:
1. Pressure drop in a duct
2. Lift, drag coefficients of airfoil
3. Head, Efficiency etc. in pump
4. Torque, Efficiency etc. in a torque converter
5. Average NOx emission at a furnace exit