IP addressing

 For communication between two

systems, each should be able to
address another.
 All components of the network
should have unique addresses.
 Layer 3 follows a particular type of
addressing scheme .
 It is a logical addressing scheme.
IP addressing
IP addressing
 These addresses are not actual
network addresses.
 They represent and show the
concept of address grouping.
 This uses the A or B to identify the
network and the number sequence
to identify the individual host .
IP addressing
 A computer may be connected to more
than one network.
 In this situation, the system must be
given more than one address.
 Each address will identify the
connection of the computer to a
different network.
 A device is not said to have an address,
but that each of the connection points,
or interfaces, on that device has an
address to a network .
IP addressing
IP addressing
 Each computer in a TCP/IP network must
be given a unique identifier, or IP
address.
 This address, operating at Layer 3, allows
one computer to locate another computer
on a network .
 IP address is different from MAC or Layer
2 address.
IP addressing
 An IP address is a 32-bit sequence of 1s and
0s.

 To make the IP address easier to use, the

address is usually written as four decimal
numbers separated by periods.
 This way of writing the address is called the
dotted decimal format.
 In this notation, each IP address is written
as four parts separated by periods, or dots.
IP addressing
 IP address in bit representation and
dotted decimal notation are
 11000000101010000000000100001000
 192.168.1.8
 Each part of the address is called an
octet because it is made up of eight
binary digits
IP addressing
 The dotted decimal notation is an easier
method to understand than the binary
ones and zeros method.
 This dotted decimal notation also
prevents a large number of
transposition errors that would result if
only the binary numbers were used .
 Using dotted decimal allows number
patterns to be more easily understood .
IP addressing
 IP addressing is a hierarchical
addressing scheme.
 Every IP address has two parts
 One part identifies the network where
the system is connected.
 and a second part identifies that
particular system on the network.
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IP addressing
 IP addresses are divided into classes
to define the large, medium, and
small networks
 Class A addresses are assigned to
larger networks
 Class B addresses are used for
medium-sized networks
 Class C for small networks
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 The stability of the Internet depends
directly on the uniqueness of
publicly used network addresses.
 Duplicate network IP addresses
prevent the router from performing
its job of best path selection.
 Unique addresses are required for
each device on a network.
IP addressing
 A procedure was needed to make sure that
addresses were in fact unique.
 Originally, an organization known as the
Internet Network Information Center
(InterNIC) handled this procedure.
 InterNIC no longer exists and has been
succeeded by the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA).
IP addressing
 IANA carefully manages the remaining
supply of IP addresses to ensure that
duplication of publicly used addresses
does not occur.
 Duplication would cause instability in the
Internet and compromise its ability to
deliver datagrams to networks.
IP addressing
 Public IP addresses are unique.
 No two machines that connect to a
public network can have the same IP
address because public IP addresses are
global and standardized.
 All machines connected to the Internet
agree to conform to the system.
 Public IP addresses must be obtained
from an Internet service provider (ISP)
or a registry at some expense.
IP addressing
 With the rapid growth of the
Internet, public IP addresses were
beginning to run out.
 New addressing schemes, such as
classless interdomain routing
(CIDR) and IPv6 were developed to
help solve the problem.
IP addressing
 Private IP addresses are another solution to
the problem of the impending exhaustion of
public IP addresses.
 As mentioned, public networks require hosts
to have unique IP addresses.
 However, private networks that are not
connected to the Internet may use any host
addresses, as long as each host within the
private network is unique.
IP addressing
 Many private networks exist alongside
public networks.
 However, a private network using just
any address is strongly discouraged
because that network might eventually
be connected to the Internet.
 RFC 1918 sets aside three blocks of IP
addresses for private, internal use.
IP addressing
 These three blocks consist of one Class A, a
range of Class B addresses, and a range of
Class C addresses.
 Addresses that fall within these ranges are
not routed on the Internet backbone.
 Internet routers immediately discard private
addresses.
 If addressing a nonpublic intranet, a test
lab, or a home network, these private
addresses can be used instead of globally
unique addresses.
IP addressing
IP addressing
 Connecting a network using private
addresses to the Internet requires
translation of the private addresses
to public addresses.
 This translation process is referred
to as Network Address Translation
(NAT).
 A router usually is the device that
performs NAT.
IP addressing
 Subnetting is another method of managing
IP addresses.
 This method of dividing full network address
classes into smaller pieces has prevented
complete IP address exhaustion.
 It is not always necessary to subnet a small
network. However, for large or extremely
large networks, subnetting is required.
IP addressing
IP addressing
 Subnetting a network means to
use the subnet mask to divide the
network and break a large network
up into smaller, more efficient and
manageable segments, or subnets.
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 The system administrator must resolve
these issues when adding and expanding
the network.
 It is important to know how many subnets or
networks are needed and how many hosts
will be needed on each network.
 With subnetting, the network is not limited
to the default Class A, B, or C network
masks and there is more flexibility in the
network design.
IP addressing
 Subnet addresses include the network portion,
plus a subnet field and a host field.
 The subnet field and the host field are created
from the original host portion for the entire
network.
 The ability to decide how to divide the original
host portion into the new subnet and host fields
provides addressing flexibility for the network
administrator.
IP addressing
 To create a subnet address, a
network administrator borrows bits
from the host field and designates
them as the subnet field.
 The minimum number of bits that
can be borrowed is two.
 When creating a subnet, where only
one bit was borrowed the network
number would be the .0 network.
IP addressing
 The broadcast number would then be
the .255 network.
 The maximum number of bits that can

be borrowed can be any number that

leaves at least two bits remaining, for
the host number. 
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 What is Subnetting?
 Borrowing 2 or more bits from the
HOST portion of the IP address to
extend the NETWORK portion.

 Divides your allotted IP addresses

into separate, discrete networks.

 Final host part of the IP address

must contain at least 2 bits.
Benefits of Subnetting
 Limits the extent of Broadcast Domains
 Instead of going to all IP addresses on the
network, broadcasts are forwarded only to
those machines on the same subnet.

 Better organization of IP addresses

within the enterprise.

 Different media might be used for

different LAN segments.
 Subnet Mask
Indicates what portion of the IP
address represents the network
140 . 179 . 240 . 200
Class B address
10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000
Class B Net Mask
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Network Part
10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000
140 . 179
Default Subnet Masks
 Class A Subnet Mask
 255 . 0 . 0 . 0

 Class B Subnet Mask

 255 . 255 . 0 . 0

 Class C Subnet Mask

 255 . 255 . 255 . 0
 Borrowing Host Bits
to Subdivide the
Network Space
 At least 2 bits must be borrowed
from the host part of the IP
address

 At least 2 bits must be left for the

Host part of the IP address
 Example Class B Subnet
Mask
Network Part Host Part

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Three255 .
bits borrowed 255
from . 0 . 0
Host Part to extend the
Network
Network Part of thePart
address Host Part

11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000

255 . 255 . 224 . 0

 Example Class B Subnet
Possible
Networks

000 Network Address – Can’t be Used

001 001 – Useable Subnet Address
010 010 – Useable Subnet Address
011 011 – Useable Subnet Address
100 100 – Useable Subnet Address
101 101 – Useable Subnet Address
110 110 – Useable Subnet Address
111 Broadcast Address – Can’t be Used
 Host Addresses on the 011
Subnet
Subnet Host

01100000.00000000 Network Address

01100000.00000001 Useable Address
01100000.00000010 Useable Address
. .
(32 x 256)-2 = 8190 Total Useable
. .
Hosts on the 011 Subnet
. .
01111111.11111101 Useable Address
01111111.11111110 Useable Address
01111111.11111111 Broadcast Address