DAY AND NIGHT

• God has created the universe with infinite wisdom and

power and designed the earth specially for human life.
Despite this fact, the majority of people lead their lives in
total ignorance of these events. In the Qur'an, God
reminds the people of His blessings
“(God) makes night merge into day and day merge
into night, and He has made the sun and moon
subservient, each one running until a specified time.
That is God, your Lord. The Kingdom is His. Those
you call on besides Him have no power over even
the smallest speck. (Surat al - Fatir: 13)”
 CONTINENTAL DRIFT

• The Theory of plate tectonics, is that it indicates that the

continents of Earth’s crust move (relative to the main body of
Earth) and change shape with time.
• This explains the similarity of extinct animal and plant fossils on
adjacent continents (such as South America and Africa) which
are now separated by large bodies of water.
• Magnetized minerals and their orientations relative to Earth’s
magnetic poles also provide evidence for continental drift.
• Some continental areas now close to the equator give evidence
of at one time being covered with glaciers (which would have
required them to be closer to the poles).
• This “continental drift” is also consistent with the currently
observed plate motions which give rise to volcanic and seismic
activity.
 INTERESTING FACT…
• Did you know?...

The center of the Earth’s core is hotter than

the surface of the sun. The temperature of
Earth’s inner core reaches 6000 °C whereas
the surface of the sun is roughly 5500 °C.
QUESTION: WHY IS EARTH SO MUCH MORE
HOSPITABLE THAN OTHER PLANETS?

Earth has a magnetic field that,

together with a primarily nitrogen-
oxygen atmosphere, protects the surface
from radiation that is harmful to life.

About 71% of the surface is covered

with salt-water oceans. The remaining
29% consists of continents and islands.
 Resources On Planet Earth

• Land
• Water
• Air
• Mountains
• Plant
• Animals
• Climate
 Plants

• Plants include trees, herbs, bushes,

grasses etc.

• About 350,000 species of plants, are

estimated to exist currently. As of 2004,
some 287,655 species had been identified,
of which 258,650 are flowering and 18,000
bryophy.
 Plants Importance

• Food by animals and humans.

• Nonfood products :
Wood is used for buildings, furniture,
paper etc.
• Negative effects :
All drugs are produced from plants.
Including tobacco, cocaine and
opium.
Plants in the Light of Quran

"He Who has made for you the earth like a carpet
spread out; has enabled you to go about therein
by roads (and channels); and has sent down
water from the sky." With it have We produced
diverse pairs of plants each separate from the
others.”
(Ta-Ha - Surah 20 Verse 53)
 Animals

• Amphibians
• Birds
• Bugs
• Fish
• Mammals
• Reptiles
Animals in the Light of Quran

“And in the creation of yourselves and the

fact that animals are scattered (through
the earth), are Signs for those of assured
Faith.”

(Al-Jathiya - Surah 45 Verse 4)

 Mountains
Mountains cover
64% of Asia,
36% of North America,
25% of Europe,
22% of South America,
17% of Australia,
3% of Africa.

As a whole, 24% of the Earth's land mass is

mountainous. 10% of people live in mountainous
regions.
 Role of the Mountains
Land as well as marine mountains act
as pegs to strengthen the earth's crust
layer.
 Minerals Of Planet Earth
• Coal
• Iron
• Metal
• Oil
• Uranium
• Natural Gases
• Rubber
• Gold
 Iron

• Iron is the most widely used of all the

metals, accounting for 95% of worldwide
metal production.

• Its low cost and high strength make it

indispensable in engineering applications
such as the construction of machinery and
machine tools, automobiles, large ships,
and structural components for buildings.
 Oil

An oil is a substance that is in a viscous

liquid state

Mineral oil : All oils, with their high carbon

and hydrogen content
 Uses Petroleum
• Diesel fuel (petrodiesel
• Petroleum
• Jet fuel
• Kerosene
• Liquid petroleum gas (LPG)
• Natural gas
 Petroleum
• About 80% of the world's readily accessible
reserves are located in the Middle East, with
62.5% coming from the Arab 5: Saudi Arabia
(12.5%), UAE, Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait.

• However, with today's oil prices, Venezuela has

larger reserves than Saudi Arabia due to crude
reserves derived from bitumen.

• Three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia,

Russia, and the United States.
 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
• Volcanic activity, the production of molten rock (lava) and its
eruption to Earth’s surface (on land or in the oceans) is one
manifestation of tectonic activity.
• Molten rock is produced as a result of the following two major
types of plate motion:
– Separation (moving apart) of two crustal plates, which allows molten
rock to rise to the surface between them.
– Collision of two crustal plates, with one moving beneath the other
(subduction), resulting in the creation of molten rock from surface
materials on the subducted plate.
• Volcanic activity in Iceland and elsewhere in the mid-Atlantic is
due to crustal spreading (the mid-Atlantic rift).
• Volcanic activity near the west coasts of North and South
America is due to subduction of Pacific Ocean plates beneath
the west edges of the continents.
• Some volcanic activity, such as in the Hawaiian Islands, is not
directly the result of plate motions.
 EARTHQUAKES

• Earthquakes are due to sudden motions of crustal plates, as a result

of fracture or slipping of one plate relative to another.
• Zones of high probability of earthquakes (seismic activity) are, like
volcanic activity, usually near plate boundaries or subduction zones.
• The shaking motion of earthquakes is due to the propagation of two
types of seismic waves: longitudinal waves, and transverse waves.
• Longitudinal waves, like sound waves, can propagate through solids
and liquids.
• Transverse waves can propagate only through solids.
• Monitoring of seismic waves at large distances from earthquake
centers have revealed details of Earth’s inner structure, including the
fact that the outer core is molten (does not transmit transverse
seismic waves).