Component of a Signal/

Signal Approximation
A signal can be represented in terms of another signal.
The concepts of vector component and orthogonality can be extended
to signals. Consider the problem of approximating a real signal g(t) in
terms of another real signal x(t) over an interval [t1,t2]:
g(t) ≈ c x(t) t1≤ t ≤ t2
The error e(t) in this approximation is
g(t) – cx(t) t1≤ t ≤ t2
e(t) =
0 otherwise
We know that the best approximation is to minimize the error signal i.e
minimize its size. So signal energy is one possible measure of signal
size.

t2 t2
Ee = ∫ e (t )dt =∫ [ g (t ) − cx (t )] 2 dt
2
t1 t1

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Signal Approximation
Explanation
We know that Ee is a function of c (not ‘t’) and Ee is
minimum for
dE
some choice of c. Soethe necessary condition is
= 0
dc

d
dc
{∫ [ g (t ) −cx (t )]
t2

t1
2
dt }=0

d
dc
{∫ [g (t) − 2cg(t)x(t) + c x (t)]dt} = 0
t2

t1
2 2 2

2
Signal Approximation
Explanation
By changing the order of integration we get

 t2  d
[ d
] d 2 2
[  
∫t1 dc g (t ) − dc [ 2cg (t ) x(t )] + dc c x (t ) dt  = 0
2
]
   

∫ {0 −2 g (t ) x(t ) +2cx }
t2
2
(t ) dt =0
t1
t2 t2
∫ 2cx (t ) dt − ∫ 2 g (t ) x (t ) dt = 0
2
t1 t1

t2
∫ g (t ) x (t ) d
t 1
t2
= ∫ g (t ) x(t )d t
t1
c = t2
∫ t1
x 2 (t ) d
t E xt1
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Orthogonality
Since C shows the amount of similarity b/w the
two signals, hence if C vanishes then the
signal g(t) contains no component of signal
x(t) and the two functions will be orthogonal
over the interval t1 to t2. So condition for the
orthogonality can be given as

t2
∫
t1
g (t ) x(t )dt = 0

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 Orthogonality Example
A rectangular function ƒ (t) is defined by figure,
approximate this function by a waveform sint over an
interval (0,2π) such that mean square error is minimum.
1 (0<t<π)
ƒ(t) = ƒ(t)
-1 (π<t<2π)
4/π
1

π 2π

-1
-4/π

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Orthogonality Example
 The function ƒ(t) will be approximated over the interval
(0,2 π ) as
f (t ) ≅C 12 sin t

To minimize the mean square error:

2π

∫ f (t ) sin tdt
C 12 = 0
2π

∫sin
2
tdt
0

2π 2π 2π 2π
1 −cos 2t 1
= ∫ − ∫cos22t
∫sin tdt = ∫
2

2 0
2 0
0 0
2π 2π
1 sin 2t
= t −
2 0
4 0

=π 6
Orthogonality Example
Therefore

1 
π 2π
C 12 = ∫ sin tdt + ∫ − sin tdt 
π 0 π 

4
=
π
Thus

f (t ) ≅ π4 sin t

represents the best approximation of ƒ(t) by a function

sin t which will minimize the mean square error.
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