ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING

1
 INTRODUCTION

, be used in a program of acceptance control to achieve better quality at lower c

ing as compared with 100 percent inspection. However, sampling has additional adva

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 2

 INTRODUCTION

f a sample gives information then and there about the quality of the pieces in th

bles. Thereby it is possible to draw conclusions as to whether the process was do

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 3

 INTRODUCTION

known process now can tell on the product. We already know about the inspected pro

bors of the inspected pieces; acceptance sampling is also valid because the uninsp

not. Once the series of samples tells on the process by certifying stability, we

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 4

 INTRODUCTION

and satisfactory as to level and uniformity

ccumulate information on the immediate product being sampled or on the process wh

eptable limits

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 5

 INTRODUCTION

defective. This refers to the acceptability of units of product for a wide range o
o of defects per unit. This refers to the number of defects found in the units ins

eviation.

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 6

INTRODUCTION

fit for use and product which does not meet specification requirements. These ar

lassified as conforming or nonconforming. The number nonconforming is then compar

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 7

 INTRODUCTION

nts are then summarized into a simple statistic (e.g., sample mean) and the observe

rotection. The Table shows a comparison of variables sample sizes necessary to ach

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 8

 INTRODUCTION

uble-sampling plans, a smaller initial sampling is usually drawn, and a decision to

s inspected per lot is generally smaller with double sampling. In multiple-samplin

ria for accepting the lot,” and a sampling scheme as “a combination of sampling pl

may be chosen.”

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 9

 INTRODUCTION

umer, it is usually best to use the published procedures and standards. This avoid

inspection, or screening, has become more attractive. This is particularly true in

c and statistical models using correlated variables.

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 10

 SAMPLING RISKS AND PARAMETERS

od” lots and of accepting “bad” lots, with associated serious consequences, produce

; in other plans, it varies from about 0.01 to

ality level.

lity level which for purposes of sampling inspection is the limit of satisfactory

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 SAMPLING RISKS AND PARAMETERS

th a numerical definition of rejectable quality such as lot tolerance percent def

rejected by the sampling plan. A consumer’s risk of 0.10 is common and LTPD has be

ling plan will accept the lot. The Figure next slide shows an ideal OC curve for

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SAMPLING RISKS AND PARAMETERS

Follows text on slide 12 Follows text on slide 14

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 13

 SAMPLING RISKS AND PARAMETERS

and to accept the lot if no more than four defective pieces were found. Such curve

p = 3.0 defectives in the sample. The table shows for r = 4 and np = 3.0, the pro

echnically a good lot, has 34

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 14

SAMPLING RISKS AND PARAMETERS

units inspected per lot in sampling inspection, ignoring any 100 percent inspecti

on the initial sample, and consequently being forced to inspect a second, third, e

imply:

ASN = n1 + (1 - Pa1 ) n2

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 SAMPLING RISKS AND PARAMETERS

relationship between the fraction defective before inspection (incoming quality)

ming quality very good or very bad—the outgoing quality will tend to be very goo
ot size N must now be taken into account. Again with single-sampling plans with sa

TI = Pan PrN OR [ATI = n1 + (1 - Pa1 )n2 + (N - n1 - n2)(1 - Pa )

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 SAMPLING RISKS AND PARAMETERS

inspection (or more). An economic evaluation

tion of quality index:

than pb, the total cost will be lowest with sampling inspection or no inspection. I

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 17

 SAMPLING RISKS AND PARAMETERS

tive will be greater than 5 percent, then 100 percent inspection should be used.

uality index is a matter of judgment based on the following factors:

n later production steps

n fitness for use

lity level

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 18

 IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PROCEDURE

judging conformance.

used for judging the conformance of a single unit of product to standard are some

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 19

 IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PROCEDURE

he sample. Since defects differ greatly in seriousness, the sampling plans must so

lowed.

rming lots are subsequently reviewed to judge fitness for use, the review board g

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 IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PROCEDURE

ame product. Nine of these produce perfect product. The tenth machine produces 100

fact that lot formation so strongly influences outgoing quality and inspection e

ion is small enough to be ignored.

eful when product is submitted in isolated lots, or in very small lots

greatly despite large increases in lot sizes.)

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 IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PROCEDURE

e of the lot. In those cases where the inspector has knowledge of how the lot was
units of product has an equal chance of being the next unit selected for the samp
and then proceeding in some chosen direction (up, down, right, left, etc.) to obtain

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 IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PROCEDURE

ve been arbitrarily combined. In such cases, the sampling is deliberately stratifi

h are detrimental to good decision making. The more usual biases consist of:

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 23

 ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING

hance of being accepted; i.e., the operating-characteristic curves can be made quit

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 24

ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 25

 ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING

inspection of a single sample selected from the lot.

lot is reached on the basis of this first sample if the number of nonconforming u

to accept or reject the lot. The chief advantage of multiple sampling plans is a

, reject, or continue sampling is made after inspection of each item. The

r a given protection.

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ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING

Such schemes employ 100 percent inspection (screening), with nonconforming items r

oduction based on the AOQL concept. These plans generally start with 100 percent

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 ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING

the process is producing homogeneous product, 100 percent inspection is discont

, at the rate of 1 unit in 10, is then instituted. If a defective is found, 100 per

the start until i successive units are found free of defects. When sampling is in

specified number of defectives is found during any one sequence of 100 percent i

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 ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING

ip-lot plans are based are much like those for chain-sampling Plans.
ampling) are:

osen at random for inspection and inspected to the same n and c. As long as all lo

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 ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING

t lot under inspection can also be accepted if one defective unit is observed in

sadvantage is that moderate changes in quality are not easily detected. However, m

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 ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING

duced product is based on the accumulation of the observed number of defectives. I

onal procedure for defining lots. A common procedure was to accumulate product un

ejected according to the cumulative sum of defectives observed. The Figure on next

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 ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING

scheme and Sm is computed and plotted according to the following rules:

s a second parameter of the scheme. When Sm < 0, return the accumulation to zero.
eject product and restart the accumulation at h + h' (h‘ is a third parameter of t
h. When Sm h + h', return calculation to h + h' and continue rejecting product un
ccept product and restart accumulation at zero.

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 32

 ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING

ss than or equal to that AQL. These plans are devised for producer’s protection or
a sensible grouping and indexing of plans for use.
plans are chosen such that the consumer’s risk of accepting a submitted lot of p

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 ATTRIBUTES SAMPLING

be no worse than the indexed AOQL value.

tion that no defectives in the sample implies there are no defectives in the rest

he-art quality levels are indeed not zero, plans with nonzero acceptance numbers a

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 34

 VARIABLES SAMPLING

observed value is compared with an allowable value defined in the plan. A decisio
s for percent nonconforming may be used. These plans relate the proportion of indi
iation σ known. Suppose the following sampling plan is used to test against an u

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VARIABLES SAMPLING

indicated by . Means of samples of size n are, then, distributed about , as shown; so the pr

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 36

 VARIABLES SAMPLING

ed by Wallis. For example, a two-point plan testing against a single specification

or ns depending on whether the standard deviation is known or unknown. For other

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 VARIABLES SAMPLING

limit is set inside the specification limit. Samples are selected and gagged aga

the plan (classification of frequency distributions, their construction, etc.) and

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 VARIABLES SAMPLING

ze can, however, be made to apply to several lots jointly if the lots can be shown

control chart analysis for uniformity in level and variation before they are com

nconforming to be related to the process mean, since the specifications to which

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 39

 BULK SAMPLING

laboratory testing.

tween packages, and if the quality of each package in the sample is measured, then

n part at least, to form one or more composite samples that are tested separately.
packages.

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 BULK SAMPLING

erial may be used. It is conceivable that interest in bulk material may also at t

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 BULK SAMPLING

posite sample. It may take the form of hand-quartering or riffling or the like.
eristic.
on the test-unit. Any single measurement is a random sample of one from this infi
is designated the mean of the lot. It is postulated that this mean will be the sam
define the mean of a lot. It is assumed that the segment is so large relative to t

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 BULK SAMPLING

hat characteristic is randomly distributed throughout the segment.

pling employed, the results will have a systematic bias. A boring or cutting devic
select more of one size particle than another. This means that if a segment was e
ed a “statistic.” A statistic is statistically biased if in many samples its mean

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 HOW TO SELECT THE PROPER SAMPLING PROCEDURES

e acceptance sampling situation to which it is to be applied. This will depend up

sis here is on the feedback of information necessary for the proper application,

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HOW TO SELECT THE PROPER SAMPLING PROCEDURES

Sec 46 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING 45

ONCLUSION — MOVING FROM ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING TO ACCEPTANCE CONTROL

en used in a system of

his is much as the old time inspector varied the inspection depending on quality

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ONCLUSION — MOVING FROM ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING TO ACCEPTANCE CONTROL

products as well as an atmosphere of continuing cost reduction, process modificat

from an unknown source. When this happens, acceptance sampling is necessary to pr

systematically varied in a system of acceptance control which will reduce inspect

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