Bob Klessig

Director, Systems Marketing

New Hire Sales Training


R
ATM Data Networking
29 May 1997 2
What You Will Hear (and hopefully
learn)
What is real and useful about ATM to customers
today
The basic concepts of ATM with emphasis on
data networking
29 May 1997 3
Agenda
Whats Hype and Whats Hot
ATM Basics
Executive Overview of ATM
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer
Non-UNI Interfaces
LAN Emulation
Service Interworking
Data Networking Futures
29 May 1997 4
Agenda
Whats Hype and Whats Hot
ATM Basics
Executive Overview of ATM
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer
Non-UNI Interfaces
LAN Emulation
Service Interworking
Data Networking Futures
29 May 1997 5
HYPE
Is infinitely scaleable
Provides seamless LAN/WAN connectivity
Guarantees Quality of Service
Supports all forms of traffic
Will be on every new PC motherboard in 18
months*
Promotes world peace
ATM
*Famous self-proclaimed industry guru in 1993.
29 May 1997 6
Data Bandwidth Growth
Time
T
r
a
f
f
i
c

V
o
l
u
m
e
Local
Backbone
Growth in overall data traffic
More end systems
More powerful end
systems
More bandwidth intensive
applications
More bandwidth to each
end system, e.g., LAN
switching
More traffic hits the
campus/building backbone
Centralization of servers
More non-local server
traffic, e.g., intranet Web
Todays Hot Market for ATM
29 May 1997 7
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
1
Q
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5
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U
S

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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
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l

Q
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a
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y

G
r
o
w
t
h
High Speed ATM LAN Switch Sales
Source: DellOro Group
29 May 1997 8
Scalability: Small Network
12 Ethernets
...
12 ATM
Ports
Switch 2700
CELLplex 7000
Single ATM Switch
(144 Ethernet Ports and 4 ATM Ports)
1
4
4
Ethernet
ATM
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
$

p
e
r

P
o
r
t
1
4
4
Ethernet
ATM
Switched Ethernet Ports
9
0
6
2
4
7
5
29 May 1997 9
Scalability: Large Network
Multi-homed Star Topology
(1536 Switched Ethernet Ports and 64 ATM Ports)
8 ATM
Ports
16 ATM
Switches
1
4
4
1
5
3
6
Ethernet
ATM
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
$

p
e
r

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o
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1
4
4
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Ethernet
ATM
Switched Ethernet Ports
1
1
1
2
9
0
6
2
4
7
5
2
4
7
5
29 May 1997 10
Scalability: Humongous Network
Star of Stars Topology
(23,040 Switched Ethernet Ports - 960 ATM Ports)
16
15
15
1
4
4
1
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3
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2
3
0
4
0
Ethernet
ATM
0
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1000
1500
2000
2500
$

p
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P
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1
4
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4
0
Ethernet
ATM
Switched Ethernet Ports
1
1
1
2
9
0
6
1
1
2
6
2
4
7
5
2
4
7
5
2
4
7
5
29 May 1997 11
Agenda
Whats Hype and Whats Hot
ATM Basics
Executive Overview of ATM
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer
Non-UNI Interfaces
LAN Emulation
Service Interworking
Data Networking Futures
29 May 1997 12
ATM Fundamental Concept
All communications are bursty.
Voice
Energy
Time
Speaking
Pause
Listening
Speaking
Pause
Therefore, a high performance packet switching
network can carry all communications.
Voice example (similar behavior for video and data).
Average 40% activity
29 May 1997 13
ATM Cell (simplified)
Header Payload
5 bytes 48 bytes
Header contains information to allow cell to be
forwarded to its destination
29 May 1997 14
ATM Vision
ATM network moves cells (fixed length packets)
with low delay and low delay variation
Devices at ends translate (e.g., segment and
reassemble) between cells and original traffic
Communications cannot begin until a connection is
established through the ATM Network
The Ultimate Integrated Services Network
ATM
Network
29 May 1997 15
Carrying Packet Data
ATM
Network
29 May 1997 16
Carrying a Bit Stream
00101011
101010010101110000101011
01011100
10101001
01011100
00101011
110101000011101010010101
10101001
ATM
Network
29 May 1997 17
Layered Architecture
PHY = Physical Layer
UNI = User Network Interface
AAL = ATM Adaptation Layer
Different AAL protocols for different traffic types (e.g., data, video)
AAL AAL
ATM ATM
PHY PHY
Terminal Terminal ATM Network
UNI UNI
29 May 1997 18
ATM Interfaces
Clark
Kent
Perry
White
Jimmy
Olsen
Lois
Lane
Private
UNI
Private
NNI
Public
UNI
ATM
DXI
B-ICI
UNI User Network Interface
FUNI Frame-based UNI
NNI Network Node Interface
B-ICI BISDN Inter-Carrier Interface
DXI Data eXchange Interface
Metropolis Data
Services Inc.
Country Wide
Carrier Services
Public
NNI
FUNI
Inspector
Henderson
29 May 1997 19
Agenda
Whats Hype and Whats Hot
ATM Basics
Executive Overview of ATM
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer
Non-UNI Interfaces
LAN Emulation
Service Interworking
Data Networking Futures
29 May 1997 20
Physical Layers - Private UNI
Frame Format Bit Rate/Line Rate Media
Cell Stream 25.6 Mbps/32 Mbaud UTP3

STS-1 51.84 Mbps UTP3

FDDI 100 Mbps/125 Mbaud MMF

STS-3c,STM-1 155.52 Mbps UTP5

STS-3c,STM-1 155.52 Mbps SMF

,MMF

, Coax
Cell Stream 155.52 Mbps/194.4 Mbaud MMF,STP
STS-3c,STM-1 155.52 Mbps UTP3
STS-12,STM-4 622.08 Mbps SMF,MMF
STS-48,STM-16 2.4 Gbps SMF*
*
Standardization in progress

Supported in 3Com products

SMF - Single Mode Fiber
MMF - Multi-Mode Fiber
UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair
STP - Shielded Twisted Pair
29 May 1997 21
Physical Layers - Public UNI
Frame Format Bit Rate/Line Rate Media
DS1 1.544 Mbps Twisted Pair
DS3 44.736 Mbps Coax

STS-3c,STM-1 155.52 Mbps SMF

E1 2.048 Mbps Twisted Pair,Coax

E3 34.368 Mbps Coax
J2 6.312 Mbps Coax
IMA
n 1.544 Mbps
Twisted Pair

Supported in 3Com products

SMF - Single Mode Fiber
IMA - Inverse Multiplexing for ATM
29 May 1997 22
Two Sublayers
Transmission Convergence Sublayer
Physical Layer Medium Dependent Sublayer
PMD:
Medium, line code, connectors
Probably use existing standards and
technology
TCS:
Specific to the PMD
Cell delineation
Cell rate decoupling (inserting empty cells
during idle periods)
29 May 1997 23
155 Mbps, SONET STS-3c (STM1)
9

R
o
w
s
270 bytes
9 bytes
Maintenance and
operations
1 Synchronous
Payload Envelope
(1 column of overhead)
125 msec
9 260 8/125 msec = 149.76 Mbps payload
Also known as STM1 (STM = Synchronous Transport Module)
. . .
29 May 1997 24
SONET Cell Delineation
Peek ahead at the cell format
Header Payload
HEC (Header Error Check)
Coverage of the 1 byte HEC

Receiver locks on 5 byte blocks that
Satisfy the HEC calculation
Are separated by 48 bytes
HEC includes coset so that empty cell (first 4 bytes of
header = 0) does not make HEC = 0
Cell payload = 135.63 Mbps
29 May 1997 25
DS1 Cell Delineation
(24 bytes x 8 bits/byte)/125 msec=1.536 Mbps of
payload
Cell delineation by HEC detection as with
SONET
Cell payload=1.536 Mbps x (48/53)=1.391 Mbps
. . . F B B . . . B F B . . . B F . . .
Framing Bit
125 msec
24 bytes
29 May 1997 26
Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA)
IMA
From ATM Layer
IMA
Parallel
DS1/E1 Links
To ATM Layer
High speed WAN connectivity without STM1, DS3, or E3
STM1/DS3/E3 may not be available
STM1/DS3/E3 may be very expensive
STM1/DS3/E3 may be more bandwidth than necessary
A key feature of for AccessBuilder 9600 and related
products
29 May 1997 27
Basic Operation of IMA
Link 0
Link 1
Link 2
IMA Frame*
3 6 9 12 15 17 20 23 26 28 31
4 7 10 13 18 21 24 27 29 32
5 8 11 14 16 19 22 25 30 33
1
2
n
o = 0
o = 5
o = 9
o = m
o = 0
34
35
Data cell number n from original cell stream
IMA Control Protocol cell with frame offset = m
*IMA Frame can be 32, 64, 128, or 256 cells
29 May 1997 28
Agenda
Whats Hype and Whats Hot
ATM Basics
Executive Overview of ATM
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer
Non-UNI Interfaces
LAN Emulation
Service Interworking
Data Networking Futures
29 May 1997 29
ATM UNI Cell
Generic Flow Control Virtual Path Identifier
Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Channel
Identifier
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Virtual Channel
Identifier
Virtual Channel
Identifier
Payload Type
Identifier
CLP
Header Error
Check
Payload
(48 bytes)
CLP = Cell Loss Priority
29 May 1997 30
Percent Overhead and Packetization Delay
for 64 Kbps Voice
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80
Payload (bytes)
%

O
v
e
r
h
a
e
d
0
2
4
6
8
10
D
e
l
a
y

(
m
s
)
Overhead Delay
Packetization Delay Advantage of
Small Cells
29 May 1997 31
Queuing Advantage of Small Cells



100 byte message
100 other active
connections
45 Mbps
Delay and delay
variation are small
for small
messages e.g., a
digitized voice
sample
0
5
10
15
1 50 100 150 200 250 300
Payload (bytes)
Max
Delay
(ms)
High overhead
Wait for other cells
Just fits in one cell
29 May 1997 32
Why 53 Bytes?
64 + 5 32 + 4
48 + 5
Compromise reached in CCITT Study Group
XVIII in June 1989
29 May 1997 33
Virtual Connections
37 42
37 78
76
52
22
88
1
2
3
4
5
6
In Out
Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI Port VPI/VCI
1 0/37 3 0/76
3 0/76 1 0/37
1 0/42 5 0/52
2 0/37 6 0/22
2 0/78 4 0/88 6 0/36
Connection Table
Virtual
Channel
Identifier
36
Bi-directional
Uni-directional
Uni-directional
Pt-to-Multipoint
{
29 May 1997 34
Virtual Paths and Virtual Channels
Physical Link
Virtual Path
Virtual Channel
29 May 1997 35
Virtual Paths and Virtual Channels
VPI = 1
VPI = 2
VPI = 3
VPI = 4
VPI = 5
VPI = 6
VCI = 31
VCI = 32
VCI = 31
VCI = 40
VCI = 96
VCI = 97
VCI = 55
VCI = 57
VCI = 99
VCI = 32
VCI = 96
VCI = 97
ATM Switch or Network
Bundles of Virtual Channels are switched
via Virtual Paths
Virtual Path service from a carrier allows
reconfiguration of Virtual Channels
without service orders to carrier
29 May 1997 36
Cell Loss Priority
Cells with bit set should be discarded
before those with bit not set
Can be set by the terminal
Can be set by ATM switches for internal
network control
Virtual channels/paths with low quality of
service
Cells that violate traffic management
contract
Key to ATM Traffic Management
29 May 1997 37
Traffic Management
Problem: Providing quality of service
How should ATM network resources be allocated to
ensure good performance including preventing
congestion, e.g., how many virtual channels should be
assigned to a particular transmission link?
Solution: Traffic Management
Specify the traffic "contract" on each virtual channel/path
Route (including rejecting setup request) each virtual
channel/path along a path with adequate resources
(Admission Control)
Mark (via Cell Loss Priority bit) for loss all cells that
violate the contract (Traffic Policing)
29 May 1997 38
Generic Cell Rate Algorithm
For a sequence of cell arrival times,
{t
k
}, determines which cells conform
to the traffic contract
A counter scheme based on two
parameters denoted GCRA(I,L)
Increment parameter: I
affects cell rate
Limit parameter: L
affects cell bursts
Leaky bucket
A cell that would cause
the bucket to overflow is
non-conforming
I for each cell arrival
L + I
One unit leak per unit of time
29 May 1997 39
Cell Cell
Smooth Traffic
No
Cell
Bucket fill just before and just after cell transmit time
GCRA(1.5, .5)
t+ t-
1
2
t+ t-
1
2
t+ t-
1
2
t+ t-
1
2
t+ t-
1
2
Cell Cell
time
29 May 1997 40
5
10
t+ t-
5
10
t+ t-
5
10
t+ t-
5
10
t+ t-
5
10
t+ t-
Cell Cell Cell
Bursty Traffic
No
Cell
No
Cell
Bucket fill just before and just after cell transmit time
GCRA(4.5, 7)
time
29 May 1997 41
Payload Type Identifier
Bit 3: Used to discriminate data cells from
operation, administration, maintenance cells.
Bit 2: Explicit Forward Congestion Indication -
used to indicate congestion in data cells (Bit 3
= 0)
Used to effect flow control for Available Bit Rate
Bit 1: Carried transparently end-to-end in data
cells
Used by AAL5
29 May 1997 42
ABR Congestion Control Overview
Source
Destination
Forward Resource
Management Cells
interleaved with data
Backward Resource Management Cells
interleaved with data, congestion indicated
if incoming EFCI bits are set
Maximum Cell Rate
Minimum Cell Rate
RM cells received
with no congestion
indicated
RM cells not received
or have congestion
indicated
RM cells received
with no congestion
indicated
Source Behavior
EFCI bit set if congested
29 May 1997 43
Generic Flow Control
Currently undefined
Set to 0000
B
Proposed future uses
Flow control
Shared media multiple access
29 May 1997 44
Header Error Check
Header error control
Detection mode: Discard cell when error detected
Correction mode (optional): Correct 1 bit errors
else discard when error detected
Reduced cell loss in face of single bit errors
Reduced error detection for multiple bit errors
Cell delineation for SONET
Recalculated link-by-link because of VPI/VCI
value changes
29 May 1997 45
Permanent Virtual Connections
Network
Management
System
Long setup time (especially with human
intervention) means that connections are left
active for long periods of time e.g., days, weeks
VPI/VCI tables setup in terminals and switches
VPI/VCI
VPI/VCI
VPI/VCI
VPI/VCI
29 May 1997 46
Signaling Between Terminal and
Switch
ATM Switch
Call
Processing
Signaling Channel
(VPI/VCI = 0/5)
Signaling Channel
(VPI/VCI = 0/5)
Switch and terminal exchange signaling
messages using the predefined signaling
channel, VPI/VCI = 0/5
29 May 1997 47
Setting Up a Call - 1
Setup
Call
Proceeding
A B
A wants to communicate with B
Setup message
Call reference
Called party address
Calling party address
Traffic characteristics
Quality of service
Call proceeding message
Call reference
VPI/VCI
29 May 1997 48
Setting Up a Call - 2
Setup
Call
Proceeding
Internal network processing
Resource availability checking
Virtual channel or path routing
Function of the Network Node Interface (NNI)
29 May 1997 49
Setting Up a Call - 3
Setup
Call
Proceeding
Setup
Call
Proceeding
Setup message
Call reference
Called party address
Calling party address
Traffic characteristics
Quality of service
VPI/VCI
Call Proceeding
Call reference
Called user deciding to
accept call
29 May 1997 50
Setting Up a Call - 4
Setup
Call
Proceeding
Setup
Call
Proceeding
Connect Ack
Connect
Connect message
Call reference
Indicates call acceptance
Connect Acknowledge
Call reference
29 May 1997 51
Setting Up a Call - 5
Setup
Call
Proceeding
Setup
Call
Proceeding
Connect Ack
Connect
Connect Ack
Connect
Calling party informed that call is available
for user information exchange
29 May 1997 52
ATM Addressing
Private networks
20 bytes
Format modeled after OSI NSAP (Network
Service Access Point)
Mechanisms for administration exist
Hierarchical structure will facilitate virtual
connection routing in large ATM networks
Public networks
E.164 numbers (telephone numbers)
Up to 15 digits
29 May 1997 53
Private Address Formats
39 DCC Routing Fields End System ID
S
E
L
47 ICD Routing Fields End System ID
S
E
L
45 E.164 Number Routing Fields End System ID
S
E
L
Data Country Code
International Code Designator
E.164 Private Address
29 May 1997 54
Address Registration
39 DCC Routing Fields End System ID
S
E
L
47 ICD Routing Fields End System ID
S
E
L
45 E.164 Number Routing Fields End System ID
S
E
L
Supplied by
ATM Network
Supplied by
Terminal
Information exchanged through Integrated Layer
Management Interface (ILMI) messages
SEL byte ignored by ATM network and carried
transparently
29 May 1997 55
Agenda
Whats Hype and Whats Hot
ATM Basics
Executive Overview of ATM
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer
Non-UNI Interfaces
LAN Emulation
Service Interworking
Data Networking Futures
29 May 1997 56
AAL 5 for Data Networking
0 - 65535
Data
Pad
0 - 47 2 2
L
e
n
4 bytes
0
bytes
Not drawn to scale
Error detection fields
0
1
C
R
C
. . .
Last cell flag
48 bytes of data
per cell
Uses a PTI bit to
indicate last cell
Only one packet
at a time on a
virtual
connection
48
48
29 May 1997 57
Agenda
Whats Hype and Whats Hot
ATM Basics
Executive Overview of ATM
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer
Non-UNI Interfaces
LAN Emulation
Service Interworking
Data Networking Futures
29 May 1997 58
ATM Data eXchange Interface (DXI)
HDLC Frames
HSSI, V.35 Physical
Layer
DTE
(e.g., router)
DCE
(e.g., CSU/
DSU)
Cells
DS3, FDDI PHY,
SONET,...
Segmentation/Reassembly
Hardware
Traffic Shaping Hardware
ATM
Switch/Public
Carrier ATM
Service
UNI DXI
Frame Cells
Provides access to ATM for installed equipment
29 May 1997 59
NNI
Virtual Path Identifier
Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Channel
Identifier
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Virtual Channel
Identifier
Virtual Channel
Identifier
Payload Type
Identifier
CLP
Header Error
Check
Payload
(48 bytes)
CLP = Cell Loss Priority
Supports 2
12
Virtual Paths
Supports virtual connection
routing
Distribution of topology
information
Distribution of resource
availability information
Public version being
standardized by ITU T
Private version being
specified by ATM Forum
Technical Committee
Cell Format
29 May 1997 60
Private Network Node Interface
Routing
Exchange of topology and resource information
Virtual Route selection for new virtual connections
Link State algorithm similar to OSPF
Signaling
Admission control for new virtual connections
Connection setup and admission control across
multiple switches
Virtual connection clearing across multiple
switches
Will replace Interim Inter-switch Signaling
Protocol (IISP)
29 May 1997 61
Agenda
Whats Hype and Whats Hot
ATM Basics
Executive Overview of ATM
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer
Non-UNI Interfaces
LAN Emulation
Service Interworking
Data Networking Futures
29 May 1997 62
Connection oriented
ATM addresses
Unicast and point-to-
multipoint
Cells
ATM Leaves a Hole for Data
Networking
ATM
PHY
Data
Networking
Protocols
ATM
PHY
ATM
PHY
?? ??
Data
Networking
Protocols
?? ??
Connectionless
MAC addresses
Broadcast
Large frames
29 May 1997 63
Stack Attack!
Avoid Protocol Stack Attack
ATM
Modified
IP
ATM
Modified
IPX
ATM
Modified
DECnet
...
All modifications for
incumbent protocols
must be defined to
deploy ATM
Must cutover all
protocols on first day of
ATM deployment
Doubles the number of
protocols until ATM is
ubiquitous end-to-end
Not the path to a simple
network
29 May 1997 64
LAN Emulation
ATM
PHY
Higher
Layers
Connectionless
Protocol Service
LAN
Emulation
ATM
PHY
Higher
Layers
LAN
Emulation
Connection-oriented
Protocol Service
ATM
PHY
The (first) ATM Forum solution*
*Ratified in February 1995
ATM
29 May 1997 65
LAN Emulation Objective
The main objective of the LAN emulation service is to enable
existing applications to access an ATM network via protocol
stacks like APPN, NetBIOS, IPX, etc. as if they were running
over traditional LANs.
LAN Emulation Over ATM Specification - Version 1.0
29 May 1997 66
ATM Workgroup Protocol Stacks
PHY
ATM
LAN
Emulation
Data
Protocol
PHY
ATM
LAN
Emulation
Data
Protocol
PHY
ATM
PHY
ATM
Switching
Connectionless
Protocol Service
ATM
29 May 1997 67
PHY
ATM
LAN
Emulation
Data
Protocol
Legacy LAN Connection Protocol Stacks
PHY
ATM
LANE
PHY
ATM
PHY
ATM
Switching
PHY
MAC
Data
Protocol
PHY
MAC
Bridging
ATM
Connectivity with Ethernet and Token Ring via translation bridge
Small end systems unchanged and servers upgraded to ATM
29 May 1997 68
Need to Segment Emulated LANs
155 Mbps
10 Mbps
5% LAN Broadcast Traffic:
.05 155 = 7.75 Mbps

Ethernet Crushed
Bridge
Tune configuration to traffic
patterns
Put communities of interest in
separate emulated LANs e.g.,
server and low-end PCs
High end servers can belong to
several emulated LANs to
reduce number of servers
80-20 rule becomes location
independent
Policy e.g., keep the engineers
off the finance network
29 May 1997 69
Emulated LANs with Server Farm
Emulated
LAN 1
Emulated
LAN 2
Servers belong to both emulated LANs
High performance for client server traffic
ATM
29 May 1997 70
Connecting Emulated LANs
Emulated
LAN 1
Emulated
LAN 2
Router belongs to both emulated LANs
Traffic between emulated LANs flows through
router
ATM
29 May 1997 71
Basic Approach to LAN Emulation
LAN Emulation Service
LUNI
LUNI
LAN Emulation
Server
Broadcast and
Unknown Server
LAN Emulation
Client(s)
LAN Emulation
Client(s)
Define interaction
across the LAN
Emulation UNI (LUNI)
Standard LAN
Emulation Clients
Proprietary Servers
One client for each
Emulated LAN in a
device
29 May 1997 72
Broadcast/Multicast Support
LAN Emulation Service
Broadcast and
Unknown Server
LAN Emulation
Client(s)
LAN Emulation
Client(s)
Broadcast and
Unknown Server
serializes MAC
frames
Clients filter out
MAC frames not
meant for them
Virtual Channel Connections
29 May 1997 73
Unicast Frames
LAN Emulation Service
LAN Emulation
Server
LAN Emulation
Client(s)
LAN Emulation
Client(s)
Client uses LAN
Emulation Server to
find ATM Address
associated with
destination MAC
address

Client sets up virtual
connection and
transmits data
1
2
1
2
29 May 1997 74
IP Over LANE Example
ATM Switch
(LES/BUS)
PC
Ethernet/ATM
Switch (LEC)
ATM Switch ATM Switch
Server (LEC)
IP ARP
ARP Resp
LE ARP
LE ARP Resp
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Call Setup
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
29 May 1997 75
Engineering
LEC 1
Engineering
LEC 2
Engineering
LEC 3
Engineering
LEC 4
Multiple Emulated LANs
Marketing
LAN Emulation
Server
Marketing
Broadcast and
Unknown Server
Marketing
LEC 1
Marketing
LEC 2
Marketing
LEC 3
Marketing
LEC 4
Engineering
LAN Emulation
Server
Engineering
Broadcast and
Unknown Server
Separate server
functions for each
emulated LAN
A LEC is associated
with a single ELAN
Homed to appropriate
LES/BUS
A physical device
belonging to multiple
ELANs must have a
separate LEC for each
ELAN
29 May 1997 76
Intelligent LES
LES can maintain a cache of <MAC Address,
ATM Address> bindings
Learned from Join Procedure as each LEC
attaches to the LES and subsequent LEC
registration requests
LECs that are associated with bridges identify
themselves as a proxy
MAC addresses behind proxies are not
registered by LES, i.e., not put into cache
LES responds to LE ARP if there is a cache hit
Else, LES forwards LE ARP to all proxy LECs
29 May 1997 77
LAN Emulation Configuration Server
Helps LEC get configured
LEC sets up VCC to LECS and sends Configuration
Request
LECS returns Configuration Response with ATM address of
appropriate LES plus other configuration information
LEC sets up VCC to LES and joins ELAN
LEC uses LE ARP for all 1s to obtain ATM address of BUS
LEC sets up VCC to BUS
LEC finds LECS by one of following
LECS ATM address learned via ILMI
Well known ATM address for LECS
VPI/VCI = 0/17
Preconfigured in LEC
29 May 1997 78
Agenda
Whats Hype and Whats Hot
ATM Basics
Executive Overview of ATM
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer
Non-UNI Interfaces
LAN Emulation
Service Interworking
Data Networking Futures
29 May 1997 79
Major Location
(DS1 Access)
Major Location
(DS1 Access)
Small Locations
(DS0 Access)
Small Locations
(DS0 Access)
PVC
Full mesh of PVCs not shown
Pre-ATM Scenario: Frame Relay
Carrier Frame Relay Service
29 May 1997 80
Migration Issues
ATM interfaces will first be attractive at the major
locations
Integrating multiple access lines into few (one) will
yield significant cost savings
Access line is major part of tariffs
Reduces port costs on CPE
ATM UNI can support multiple services
Advantage will probably be lost if large number
of small locations must be also be migrated to
ATM
Solution: service interworking
29 May 1997 81
Multiple Services at the UNI
Audio Conference
PBX-CO Trunk
GoliathNet SMDS
DaveNet Frame Relay
Video News Feed
ATM Virtual Channel Connection
Physical Link
29 May 1997 82
Service Interworking: Frame Relay
Major Location
(DS3/STS3c Access)
Major Location
with service multiplexer
(DS3/STS3c Access)
Small Locations
(DS0 Access)
Small Locations
(DS0 Access)
PVCs not shown - same as in
original configuration
PBX-CO trunk etc.
ATM UNI
29 May 1997 83
Frame Relay at the UNI
Frame Relay PVC 1
PBX-CO Trunk
Frame Relay PVC 2
Frame Relay PVC 37
Frame Relay PVC 7
Physical Link
ATM Virtual Channel Connection
Frame Relay PVCs mapped to ATM PVCs
FECN, BECN to PTI mapping
Traffic Management
Etc.
Protocol ratified by ATM Forum Technical Working Group
(SAA Subgroup) and Frame Relay Forum
29 May 1997 84
Frame Relay Access Configurations
Frame Relay
CSU/DSU
CSU/DSU
ATM DXI
Frame Relay
Service Multiplexer
ATM UNI
29 May 1997 85
Agenda
Whats Hype and Whats Hot
ATM Basics
Executive Overview of ATM
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer
Non-UNI Interfaces
LAN Emulation
Service Interworking
Data Networking Futures
29 May 1997 86
LAN Emulation Version 2.0
Bug fixes, minor enhancements for LUNI
Improved scalability and robustness via inter-
server protocol called LNNI (LAN Emulation
Network Node Interface)
QOS support including Available Bit Rate
Special Multicast Service for improved multicast
LLC multiplexing on DDVCCs
Backward compatible with LUNI 1.0
29 May 1997 87
LANE v2.0 Status
Issued as two documents
LUNI v2.0
Out for Letter Ballot
Ratification in July or August
Technically frozen
LANE Network-Network Interface (LNNI) v2.0
Outstanding technical issues
Scheduled for completion by January 1998
29 May 1997 88
LANE Version 2.0 Reference Model
LES 1
BUS 1
LES 2
BUS 2
LECS
LES-LES
BUS-BUS
LEC LEC LEC LEC
LUNI LUNI LUNI LUNI
LECS-LES/BUS LECS-LES/BUS
LEC LAN Emulation Client
LES LAN Emulation Server
BUS Broadcast and Unknown Server
LECS LAN Emulation Configuration Server
LECS
LECS-LECS
29 May 1997 89
LES/BUS Mesh Interconnection
Extensive use of point-to-multipoint connections
to reduce LES/BUS complexity
Simple rules to prevent looping
This does not provide larger BUS capacity
LES/BUS 1
LEC LEC
LES/BUS 2
LEC LEC
LES/BUS 3
LEC LEC
29 May 1997 90
Will Use Peer-Tree Approach
Each peer node can be a mesh of servers or simply a
dedicated tandem server
External links can be connected to any LES/BUS in peer node
Spanning tree (re)constructed out of redundant links
IETF Server Cache Synchronization Protocol used to maintain
server data coherence
WAN Link
LES/BUS 1 LES/BUS 1 LES/BUS 2 LES/BUS 2 LES/BUS 3 LES/BUS 3 LES/BUS 1 LES/BUS 1 LES/BUS 2 LES/BUS 2 LES/BUS 3 LES/BUS 3 LES/BUS 1 LES/BUS 1 LES/BUS 2 LES/BUS 2 LES/BUS 3 LES/BUS 3
LES/BUS 1 LES/BUS 1 LES/BUS 2 LES/BUS 2 LES/BUS 3 LES/BUS 3 LES/BUS 1 LES/BUS 1 LES/BUS 2 LES/BUS 2 LES/BUS 3 LES/BUS 3
29 May 1997 91
QoS in LANE v2.0
Defined via abstract protocol service interface
between higher layer and LANE
Higher layer can define a QoS by passing call
setup parameters in a Define QoS primitive
qos_handle (label allocated)
Higher layer passes unicast MAC frame to LANE
with a qos_handle
LANE attempts to send frame on DDVCC setup
with setup parameters implied by qos_handle
ABR is an example of QoS
29 May 1997 92
Improved Multicast in LANE v2.0
LEC LEC LEC LEC LEC
MCS1 MCS2
Special Multicast Service
Colocated with BUS
Allows clients to register for
multicasts (and not have to
filter unwanted multicasts)
Intelligent BUS
All multicasts sent to I-BUS
I-BUS forwards on proper
point-to-multipoint based
analysis of multicast address
Both approaches look the
same to LECs
LEC LEC LEC LEC LEC
I-BUS
29 May 1997 93
LLC/SNAP Multiplexing
LEC
LEC
LEC
LEC
VCC Multiplexing
DDVCC
DDVCC
LECID MAC Frame
Formats
LEC
LEC
LEC
LEC
LLC/SNAP Multiplexing
(DDVCCs only)
DDVCC
LECID MAC Frame LLC/SNAP ELAN-ID
29 May 1997 94
LUNI v2.0 Compliance
Enhanced Configuration Mandatory
Extended TLVs Mandatory
ARP-based TLVs Mandatory
Extended Abstract Service I/F Mandatory*
QoS Optional
Multicast Optional
LLC Multiplexing Optional
UNI 4.0 Optional
*Compliance not testable
29 May 1997 95
Multi Protocol Over ATM v1.0
MPOA Working Group formed in November 1994
Developed the MPOA Cathedral
Unreasonable goals
Poor articulation of technical approach
Pressure from early ATM adopters to solve the
Big Fancy Router (BFR) problem
Scaled back focus in August 1996
Solve BFR problem for IP
Out for Letter Ballot
Ratification in July or August
29 May 1997 96
BFR Bottleneck Emerges Again
Early ATM adopters (with
many subnets) experiencing
poor client/server performance
Low throughput for BFR
Inter ELAN traffic limited to
of bandwidth of BFR ATM link
Multiple hops across ATM
cloud is ugly
Our jobs are on the line. -
MIS managers
ELAN (= subnet)
Router on a Stick
Big Fancy
Router
29 May 1997 97
MPOA v1.0 Example
S D
Router 1
Edge
Device 1
ELAN A ELAN B ELAN C ELAN D
ATM
Router 2 Router 3
Edge
Device 2
MPS MPS MPS
MPC MPC
1
1 NHRP Request:
What is ATM address for D?
1 1
2
2 Cach Imposition Protocol:
Get ready for shortcut.
2
3 3
3
3 NHRP Response:
Use address of ED2.
4
4 Shortcut VCC setup
29 May 1997 98
Summary
Todays benefit to customers from ATM is data
networking bandwidth in the backbone
ATM introduces many new concepts (and
acronyms) to data networking
R
Networks That Go the Distance