Zionism and Israel

Seth Ward

University of Wyoming

Europe in 1800

The European Background
The French Revolution


SanhedrinAssembly of Jewish Notables
answers Napoleons famous questions.
Napoleons career in the
Eastern Mediterranean
"Everything must be refused to the Jews as a
Nation... and everything granted to the Jews as
individuals." In French: Rappelons la formule
fameuse d'un rvolutionnaire : Ne rien accorder
aux juifs en tant que nation; tout leur accorder en tant
qu'individu
(Clermont-Tonnerre, 23 dcembre 1789).
Europe
The ways of the Old Regime were reinstated after 1815, but by
1870s Jews had achieved citizenship rights in most places in
central and Western Europe.

In the first 2/3rds of the 19th century, Jews had to accept
baptism to succeed in many places

Western Europe: Edgar Mortara Case (1858-1859).
Demonstrated the extent to which the Catholic
Church supported the efficacy of Baptism, even
done in secret and without family consent; but the
political environment allowed (and even favored)
a negative European reaction.

Dreyfus Case 1893. Herzl reported it.
Early 19
th
Century Palestine
Mehmet Alis conquest of
Palestine (1831) accorded well
with themes in Restoration
Theology regarding Jews
returning to the Holy Land.
The conquests of Muhammad
Ali (d. 1849) reached to
Damascus and beyond.
Damascus Affair Blood Libel
in 1840.

David Roberts--Mosque of Omar, 1839
Restoration Theology
7
th
Earl of Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley-Cooper
1801-1885) The State and the rebirth of the Jews (1839)
among the first to call for Jewish settlement in Palestine and
often credited with the idea A country without a people for
a people without a country although this probably is based
on writing by Alexander Keith in 1843.
Image: Shaftesbury Memorial, Piccadily Circus London: Angel of Christian Charity (for his philanthropic works, not his politics).
Joseph Smith: sent an emissary to the Holy Land

During the 1836 dedication of the Kirtland Temple,
Joseph Smith prayed fervently for the gathering of
Israel. Several days later Moses appeared in the
Kirtland Temple and restored the keys necessary for
this gathering to begin (see D&C 110:11).
Image: Orson Hyde Dedicates the Holy Land
Developments in Judaism
Reform movement Hamburg temple, 1818
Shimshon Rafael Hirsch 1808-1888
Zacharias Frankel (Historic Judaism) 1801-
1875
Wissenschaft des Judentums.
Abraham Geiger 1810-1874
Heine, Zunz, Graetz, others.
Enlighteners and traditionalists
Ottoman Reforms
Ottomans: Lost Morea (Greece), Hungary,
Egypt etc.
Tanzimat: Glhane Hatt- erif (1839)
Hatt- Humayun islahat fermani (1856).
Reforms in Land ownership
Constitutional Reform 1876
Abdlmecid I Ruled 1839-1861
Judaism: Land, Nation, Religion
Jewish love for the land: Blessings of the Land and
Blessings for Jerusalem ( ) in
Grace after meals, Daily Prayer (Amida), Haftarah, etc. and
Biblical promises of patrimony and progeny to Abraham,
Isaac and Jacob.

Religio vs. Natio: is Judaism a religion or a nationality
(an idea akin to ethnicity or race)?

Haskalah (enlightenment) and Wissenschaft des Judentums:
awakens interest in Hebrew, research into Jewish folkways,
questions about nature of Jewish identity, rise of Jewish
literature, poetry, fiction, education in math, science,
newspapers, etc.
Persecution, Nationalism,
Emancipation
Persecution and Pogroms, especially in Russia in 1881
and after Kishinev and the failure of the Russian
Revolution (1903, 1905)
Emerging nation-states in Germany (Prussia), Italy
(House of Savoy), European areas formerly part of the
Ottoman Empire; attempts and movements in Russia,
Austro-Hungarian Empire, etc.
Emancipation gives rise to Antisemitism in Germany,
France, and elsewhere.

Chaim Nachman Bialik
On Bialik:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography
/bialik.html

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_judaism/v024/
24.3penkower.html

http://benyehuda.org/bialik/bia061.html
http://www.richardsilverstein.com/tikun_olam/2003/
08/24/on-the-slaughte/
http://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/2011/02/biali
k-on-slaughter-from-hebrew.html
On The SlaughterBialik
Mercy O Heavens, beg mercy for me!
If a god be in you
2
, with a way in you,
A way that I never knew
Pray unto him for me!
My own heart is dead, prayer drained from my tongue.
The hands lie limp, and hope undone.
How long? Until when? How long?
3


Executioner! Here is a neck to hew
With your mighty axe. Put me down like a dog.
All the world's my chopping block.
And we're just Jews, just a few.
My blood is fair game
4
. From the skull you sever
Bursts the blood of old men, the blood of children.
Murder's blood be on you forever.


Building the Land
Moses Montefiore: Quarters outside the walls of
Jerusalem: 1860
Alliance Isralite Universelle founds Agricultural
School 1870
Baron Edmund de Rothschild
1908Arab nationalist movementreaction to
Young Turks and deposition of Abdul Hamid;
Sharif Hussein appointed Amir of Mecca
1909Tel Aviv founded, First Kibbutz started
at Degania.
Writings

Moses Hess Rome and Jerusalem 1862
Leon Pinsker Autoemancipation 1882
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922)moved to
Palestine in 1881
Theodore Herzl (1860-1904)
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/bio
graphy/Herzl.html
Jewish State Judenstaat 1896
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Zi
onism/herzlex.html
First Zionist Congress 1897
Old New Land Altneuland 1902
Cultural, Labor, Religious Zionism
Asher Ginzberg (Ahad Ha-Am) Cultural
Zionism.
A.D. Gordon: power of labor (Labor Zionism)
Socialist movement emerged, with Histadrut
labor union, Labor Party (Mapai).
Mizrahi movement: Religious Zionism.
R. Abraham I. KookChief Rabbi of Palestine:
Secularists are participating in Gods Work.
1916-1918
Arab Revolt under Lawrence of Arabia with
Sherif Hussein of Mecca.
Balfour Declaration (Nov. 2 1917).
Allenby enters Jerusalem (Dec.)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qApUFVHREo
Blood and Oil has documentary footagewith a dramatization
of Allenbys famous Status Quo speech.
Hava Nagila
Jewish Legion.

Foreign Office
November 2nd, 1917
Dear Lord Rothschild,
I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's
Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist
aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.
"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine
of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours
to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that
nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of
existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political
status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."
I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of
the Zionist Federation.
Yours sincerely,
Arthur James Balfour

Lawrences
proposed
map
British Mandate
Herbert SamuelFirst Commissioner
Arab opposition: British redefine area in which Jewish National
Home is to be applied.
Mandate appoints Hajj Amin al-Husseini as Mufti of Jerusalem
Growth of Revisionist movement of Jabotinsky and Begin.
1925Aliyah 4refugees from anti-Semitism in Poland and
elsewhere
1929Arab attacks in Jerusalem, Safed, Hebron
1936Mufti forms Arab Higher Committee, , begins
anti-Jewish propaganda campaign, general strike and violence. Arab
attacks in 1936 killed a few Jews; British tried to work both sides,
with a pro-Arab policy in some ways but also providing Orde
Wingate to train Haganah.
1937, Peel Commission responds to 1936 riots: recommends
partition
1939 White Paper: does not adopt partition. Closes off Jewish
immigration.
Partition Plans
Left: Peel
Commission
1937/8, three
sectors
Right: UN
1947, seven
sectors
http://domino.un.org/maps/m0103_1b.gif
Declaration of Independence
May 14 1948
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/i
srael.htm
1948-1956

1947-1948 Fighting with Arab Irregular forces
1948 Israel Independence, Arab states attack
1949 January: General elections. 1st Knesset takes office
on Tu Bishevat.
Map:http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/isr
ael_pol_1972.jpg (next slide)
Law of Return
DP resettlement
Fedaiyeen
Arab Boycott: primary, secondary and tertiary.
Desecration of Jewish sites in Jordan
Al-Kiyana al-Sahiyuniyya
Gamal Abd al-Nasser 1952, 1956
October 29, 1956: Sinai Campaign


1956-1976
1959 Relations with West Germany
1960 Eichman trial (hanged in 1962)
PLO: formed in Jordan 1964, charter adopted in 1968.
Al-Fath The Conquest most important group.
June 1967 Six Day War
Sept. 1970: Black September (PLO Ousted from Jordan 1970-71).
1972 War of Attrition
1972 Munich Olympics.
1973 Yom Kippur War
1975 UN Resolution on Zionism
1976 Entebbe raid
Myths and facts
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf7.html
UN Resolution 242
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/unres242.html
Three Noes:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/three_noes.html

1977-1989
1977 Likud wins elections
November 1977 Sadat visits Israel
1978 Camp David
1981 Sadat assassinated
1982-1985 Lebanon Campaign: Lebanese Civil War
1975-1990
PLO, Syria, Maronites (Christians), Druzes, Shiis,
Sunnis.
PLO sent to Tunis.
1980s Hezbullah
1987 Intifada starts in Gaza.
1988 King Hussein relinquishes claims on
Jerusalem, Arafat talks about readiness to accept the
existence of Israel
1989 Fall of Soviet Union
1989-2000

1991 Gulf War, Madrid conference
1993 Oslo Accords Handshake on Sept. 13.
1994 Purim massacre by Baruch Goldstein
1995 Nov. 4 Rabin Assassinated
1996 Netanyahu Elected
2000 Clinton/Barak/Arafat at Camp David
Second (Al-Aqsa) Intifada 2000-05
First intifada started 1987; many believe 2
nd
was
centrally planned.
Visit of Sharon to Temple Mount October 2000
Hostilities: Dolphinarium, Sbarro, 2001.
2002: Karinne A, Passover Bombing, April: Battle of
Jenin, Bethlehem Standoff. June: GWBush Road Map
Response: targeted removals, human-int, security
barrier, isolation of Arafat.
2004-announceo Gaza withdrawal, Ahmad Yassin, Death
of Arafat, Paris Nov. 11. Map of fence:
http://www.seamzone.mod.gov.il/Pages/ENG/map_eng.htm