PUNCTUATION

EVELYN DIAZ ITURRIAGA

GRAMMMATICAL THEORY II
ENGLISH TEACHING TRAINING PROGRAM
USACH
OBJECTIVES
TO LEARN WHAT PUNCTUATION IS.
TO LEARN WHAT ELEMENTS PUNCTUATION
CONSISTS OF.
TO UNDERSTAND HOW PUNCTUATION MARKS
WORK AND ITS RULES.
TO NOTE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND SPANISH PUNCTUATION
SYSTEMS.
TO BE ABLE TO APPLY PUNCTUATION MARKS
CORRECTLY.



PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE


why are you sad
we are going to eat salad chicken and cheese
cake
be careful
the whale which is a mammal looks like a fish
if you paint the walls white the room will look
bigger
W ?
W
,
.
B
!
T
, ,
.
I
,
.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE


que te pasa
ja ja ja
es una chica aplicada formal estudiosa y con
buen expediente
la maleta es marron el cuaderno blanco el
borrador verde y la pluma negra
Comia con mesura pero en la cena se
desquito
Q

?
J
, , !
E
, ,
.
L
C
;
;
,
,
.
; ,
.



WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT
PUNCTUATION?
The set of marks used in writing that
divide and organise sentences (ideas) and
phrases with the objective of making it
understandable for the reader.
LETS SEE
the wallet lost on a public bus by a
southampton widow has been returned
with all its cash and contents intact mrs
kathleen giffard of millbrook towers
thought she would never see the wallet
containing 117 again
,
,
.
T
.
M
K
S
G M T
IS IT POSSIBLE TO SAY THAT THE
UNDERSTANDING OF A TEXT
DEPENDS ON PUNCTUATION?
PUNCTUATION MARKS
FULL STOP (.)


I asked her whether she could tell me
where the Museum is.
FULL STOP

It is mainly used to mark the end of a
sentence expressing a complete idea.

It stands for intonation i.e. a long pause.

The way it works is the same in English and
Spanish.
FULL STOP
In Spanish:
Punto y aparte
Punto y seguido
Punto final
COMMA (,)
Lisa speaks French, Juliet speaks
Italian and I speak Spanish.

You must hand in your paper by
Monday, or you will receive a mark of
zero.

COMMA (,)
Italy is famous for her composers and
musicians, France, for her chefs and
philosophers, and Poland, for her
mathematicians and logicians.

I think we can say that, all in all, we've
done well.
COMMA (,)
FOUR TYPES OF COMMA:

LISTING
JOINING
GAPPING
BRACKETING
LISTING COMMA
The listing comma is used as a kind of
substitute for the word and , or sometimes
for or .

White, blue and red are the colours of the
Chilean flag.
JOINING COMMA
It is used to join two complete sentences into
a single one, and it must be followed by a
suitable connecting word: and, or, but,
while and yet.

You must hand in your essay today, or you
will receive a mark of zero.

GAPPING COMMA

We use a gapping comma to show that one or
more words have been left out when the
missing words would simply repeat the words
already used earlier in the same sentence.




GAPPING COMMA

Some Norwegians wanted to base their
national language on the speech of the capital
city; others, on the speech of the rural
countryside.
BRACKETING COMMA
A pair of bracketing commas is used to mark
off a weak interruption of the sentence.

Darwin's Origin of Species, published in 1859,
revolutionized biological thinking.
COMMA (,)
In Spanish we have a special use:

The absence or suppression of the verb is
usually supplemented with coma. This is very
common in proverbs.

La mejor estufa, el sol.
COLON (:)

She was sure of one thing: she was not
going to be a housewife.
COLON (:)
The colon is used to indicate that what follows
it is an explanation or elaboration of what
precedes it.

We found the place easily: your directions
were perfect.

(more general: more specific)
COLON (:)
A colon is used to introduce a direct quote.

Aristotle said once: Happiness depends upon
ourselves.
COLON (:)


10:30 a.m. - 10.30 a.m.

AMERICAN USAGE

BRITISH USAGE
SEMICOLON (;)

Winter storm conditions have made
travel impossible; the roads are
completely covered in snow and ice.


SEMICOLON (;)

It is used to join two complete sentences
into a single written one.

The rain stopped; the sun
came out again.
SEMICOLON (;)

Two sentences are felt to be too closely related to
be separated by a full stop;
There is no connecting word which would require a
comma, such as and or but;
The special conditions requiring a colon are
absent.
SEMICOLON (;)
In Spanish, it is not necessary to put a
complete sentence after the semicolon.

Campos inundados, casas destruidas, vas
rotas; un desastre.
APOSTROPHE (')

The apostrophe is used in writing
contractions.

Hes very good at football.

Its It is or it has
Well we will or we shall
Theyve they have
Cant can not
Hed he would or he had
Arent are not
Shedve she would have
Wont will not
APOSTROPHE (')

This research was carried out in the 1970's .
American English

This research was carried out in the 1970s.
British English
APOSTROPHE (')
Apsotrophes are also used to show possessive
structures (s).

This is Marks book.
APOSTROPHE (')
In Spanish, it was only used in ancient lyrical
constructions to show elision of a vowel
sound.

Daquel, por de aquel.
Ques, por que es.
QUESTION AND EXCLAMATION
MARKS (!?)
A question mark, in English, is placed at the
end of a sentence which is a direct question.

What your name?

My name is
Mickey!
QUESTION AND EXCLAMATION
MARKS (!?)
The exclamation mark is used at the end of a
sentence or a short phrase which expresses
very strong feeling.

What a lovely dog!
QUESTION AND EXCLAMATION
MARKS (!?)

In Spanish, question and excalamtion marks
have the same function that in English. There
is just one difference

Can you guess?

They are written at the beginning and at the
end of a sentence.

Dnde ests?
No digas tonteras!

QUESTION AND EXCLAMATION
MARKS (!?)
CAPITALISATION
monday spring

belford avenue dog

tom table

peruvian paris
christmas
CAPITALISATION
Days of week and months


I like going to the gym on Monday,
Wednesday, and Friday.
CAPITALISATION
Nationalities and languages

Im French, but I speak Spanish.

Proper names

Lisa y Tom have a dog called Tym.
CAPITALISATION
In the title or name of a book, a play, a poem,
a film, a magazine, a newspaper or a piece of
music, a capital letter is used for the first
word and for every significant word.

The Penguin Guide to Punctuation
CAPITALISATION
Names of holy days

We have long breaks at Christmas and Easter.

The pronoun I

I am a student.
CAPITALISATION
Spanish does not use capital letters in:

Months
Days of week
Nationalities
Pronoun YO
QUOTATION MARKS ()

British Usage


American Usage

Single quotes ()


Double quotes ()
QUOTATION MARKS ()
A pair of quotation marks encloses a direct
quotation.

Soledad Onetto wrongly said: President
Piraa is in Europe.
QUOTATION MARKS ()
Although there is not difference in function, in
Spanish double quotations marks are almost
always used.


DIACRITICS

Often loosely called 'accents', diacritics are the
various little dots which, in many languages,
are written above, below or on top of certain
letters of the alphabet to indicate something
about their pronunciation.
DIACRITICS
Acute accent
Grave accent
Cedilla
Circumflex accent
Umlaut or diaeresis
Tilde
DIACRITICS
When writing foreign words.

Would you like to go to
a caf with me?


DIACRITICS
In Spanish, diacritics are part of the language.
There are three:
accute accent ()
umlaut ()
tilde ()
DIACRITICS
Acute accents are used, for example, to
distinguish between otherwise identical words,
such as s (yes) and si (if).

The ~ mark indicates a /y/ sound in Spanish
(equivalent to /j/ sound in English) added to a
consonant.
For example ua
DIACRITICS
The use of the umlaut is mandatory in
Spanish to indicate you have to pronounce
the u in the combinations ge, gi.

For example: Antigedad
EXERCISES
SUMMARY
Punctuation marks allow us to understand a
text in a proper way and give our ideas
coherence.

We have seen some uses of nine punctuation
marks:



SUMMARY
1. Full stop (.)
2. Comma (,)
3. Colon (:)
4. Semicolon (;)
5. Apostrophe (')
6. Capitalization
7. Quotation Marks ()
8. Question and Exclamation marks (?)
9. Diacritics
END