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Lecture 12
Properties of Solutions
The Solution
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solute (present in
smallest amount) and solvent (present in largest amount).
• Solution may be gas, liquid, or solids
• Each substance present is a component of the solution.
• Solvent is the substances used to dissolve the solute.
• In the process of making solutions with condensed phases,
intermolecular forces become rearranged.
• Intermolecular forces hold the solute particle and the solvent
that surrounds it together.
• Solutions form when the attractive forces between solute and
solvent can overcome the attractive forces with in the solute or
solvent particles.
Types of Solutions
Formation of a Solution
• Consider NaCl (solute) dissolving in water (solvent):
• The water H-bonds have to be interrupted,
• NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl-,
• Ion-dipole forces form: Na+ … δ -OH2 and Cl-… δ +H2O.
• Such interaction between solute and solvent are called
solvation.
– If water is the solvent, we say the ions are hydrated.
Enthalpic Contributions
Solubility of a Gas
Pressure Effects
• The higher the pressure, the more molecules of gas are
close to the solvent and the greater the chance of a gas
molecule striking the surface and entering the solution.
– Therefore, the higher the pressure, the greater the solubility.
– The lower the pressure, the fewer molecules of gas are close to
the solvent and the lower the solubility.
Compression of CO2
Pressure Effects
• Carbonated beverages are bottled with a partial pressure
of CO2 > 1 atm.
• As the bottle is opened, the partial pressure of CO2
decreases and the solubility of CO2 decreases.
• Therefore, bubbles of CO2 escape from solution.
Temperature Solubility
Colligative Properties
• Colligative properties depend on quantity of solute
molecules. (E.g. freezing point depression and melting
point elevation.)
Lowering Vapor Pressure
• Non-volatile solutes reduce the ability of the surface
solvent molecules to escape the liquid.
• Therefore, vapor pressure is lowered.
• The amount of vapor pressure lowering depends on the
amount of solute present.
Colligative Properties
Lowering Vapor Pressure
Boiling-Point Elevation
• At the normal boiling point of pure liquid, the vapor
pressure the solution will be < 1atm . Therefore, a higher
temperature is required to attain a vapor pressure of 1 atm
for the solution (∆ Tb).
• Molal boiling-point-elevation constant, Kb, expresses
how much ∆ Tb changes with molality, m:
∆Tb = Kb m
∆T f = K f m
Osmosis
• Osmosis: the movement of a solvent from low solute
concentration to high solute concentration.
• Semipermeable membrane: permits passage of some
components of a solution. Example: cell membranes
• There is movement in both directions across a
semipermeable membrane.
• As solvent moves across the membrane, the fluid levels
becomes uneven.
Osmotic Pressure
• Osmotic pressure, π , is the pressure required to stop osmosis:
πV = nRT
n
π = RT
V
= MRT
• Isotonic solutions: two solutions with the same π separated by a
semipermeable membrane.
• Hypotonic solutions: a solution of lower π with respects to the
more concentrated solution.
• The osmotic process is spontaneous.
Colloids
• Colloids are suspensions in which the suspended particles
are larger than molecules but too small to drop out of the
suspension due to gravity.
• Tyndall effect: ability of a Colloid to scatter light. The
beam of light can be seen through the colloid.
• Particle size: 10 to 2000 Å.
• There are several types of colloid:
• aerosol (gas + liquid or solid, e.g. fog and smoke),
• foam (liquid + gas, e.g. whipped cream),
• emulsion (liquid + liquid, e.g. milk),
• sol (liquid + solid, e.g. paint),