BONE TISSUE

OSSEOUS TISSUE
A rigid form of connective tissue which forms
the skeleton of higher vertebrates. It has
common features of connective tissue which
include ground substance, fibers and cells.
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF OSSEOUS TISSUE
1. Support
2. Storage
3. Hematopoeisis
4. Protection
5. Leverage
GROUND SUBSTANCE
PRIMARY COMPONENTS OF OSSEOUS TISSUE
A. PROTEOGLYCANS containing a side chain of
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) specifically
chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulfate

B. GLYCOPROTEINS such as Osteonectin,
Osteocalcin (A Calcium binding protein) and
Osteopontin.

C. WATER (tissue fluid) which contribute to a low
degree of hydration




D. INORGANIC MINERAL that includes
hydroxyapatite (Calcium phosphate crystals),
citrate and bicarbonates ions.
I. Mineral component comprises 75% of the
bone mass and contributes to the
hardness/rigidity of the bone.

II. Dilute acid or chelating agent such as
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
demineralize the bone.




FIBERS
A. Consist of Type I Collagen that provides
tensile strength
1. Osteoprogenitor Cells
Unspecialized stem cells derived from
mesenchyme

The only bone cells to undergo cell
division; the resulting cells develop into
osteoblasts.

Found along the inner portion of the
periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the
metaphysis.
CELLS OF BONE TISSUE
OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS
Associated with bone formation & are located where
new bone is forming such as periosteum.
The cells vary in shape from cuboidal to pyramidal.
The nucleus is large with a single prominent
nucleolus.
The cytoplasm is of abundant ribosomes & are
responsible for protein synthesis of the bony matrix.
Contain the enzyme alkaline phosphatase used to
calcify the osseous matrix.

2. Osteoblasts
OSTEOBLAST
3. Osteocyte
Enclosed within the bony matrix in a space called the
lacuna.
Uninucleate
In developing bone, the cytoplasmic processes from
one osteocyte make contact with the processes from
adjoining osteocytes. In mature bone, the processes
are withdrawn almost completely.
In mature bone the empty canaliculi remain as
passageways for the diffusion of nutrients and
wastes between bone and blood.

OSTEOCYTES
4. Osteoclast
Giant, multinuclear cells which vary greatly in
shape.
Develop from circulating monocytes
They are found on the surfaces of osseous
tissue usually in shallow depressions called
Howships lacunae.
The cytoplasm contains lysosomal vacuoles.
Cell surface facing the osseous matrix shows
numerous cytoplasmic projections and
microvilli described as a ruffled border.
Involved in bone resorption.
OSTEOCLAST
TYPES OF
BONE TISSUE
TYPES ACCORDING TO AMOUNT OF
BONE MATRIX AND SPACE PRESENT
1. COMPACT BONE - spaces or hollows in the
bone matrix are almost absent. It forms the
thick-walled tube of the shaft (or diaphysis)
of long bones, which surrounds the marrow
cavity (or medullary cavity).

2. SPONGY BONE - consists of delicate bars
and sheets of bone(trabeculae), which
branch and intersect to form a sponge like
network. Found in the ends of long bones
(or epiphyses) & consist mainly of trabecular
bone.
Histology of Compact Bone
Tissue
Contains few spaces and is the
strongest form of bone tissue

Osseous tissue found immediately
below the periosteum.

The most significant feature of compact
bone is the Haversian system.

COMPACT BONE
Parts of Compact Bone
Osteon or Haversian System Basic Unit of Compact Bone. Each
Haversian System has a cylindrical structure that consists of:
Haversian Canal - A central tube which contains blood
vessels and nerves and is surrounded by alternate layers of:
Lamellae -concentric rings of a strong matrix formed from mineral salts
such as calcium and phosphates and collagen fibres. Mineral salts
result in the hardness of the bone while the collagen fibres contribute
its strength.
Lacunae -small spaces between the lamellae which contain the
osteocytes .
Volkmans canals - It runs a right angles to the long axis which connect
the vascular and nerve supplies of the periosteum to those in the
central canals and medullary cavity.
Canaliculi - minute channels that provide routes by which nutrients can
reach the osteocytes and waste products can leave them.

Structure of Compact Bone
Histology of Spongy Bone Tissue
- It is also found sandwiched between
two layers of compact bone in a flat bone.

-It does not contain osteons but
instead it contains trabeculae

-Hematopoietic (blood-forming)
tissue can be found within the spaces of
spongy bone especially within the
epiphyses.

SPONGYBONE
Parts of Spongy Bone
Trabeculae Consist of irregular lattice of
thin columns of bone. It is composed of:
Lamellae- arranged in irregular lattice of thin
columns
Lacuna where osteocytes are contained
Canaliculi structures that radiate outward
lacuna
Osteocyte Bone cells contained within the
lacuna.
Structure of Spongy Bone Tissue
TYPES ACCORDING TO ORGANIZATION
OF COLLAGEN FIBERS

1. WOVEN BONE Collagen fibers are
randomly oriented in many direction,
osteocytes oriented in random and
is mechanically weak. It present in
all fetal bones initially when the
bone is laid down and fractures the
initial bone that unites the fracture is
woven bone.Later it gets replaced by
lamellar bone.



WOOVEN BONE
TYPES ACCORDING TO ORGANIZATION
OF COLLAGEN FIBERS

2. LAMELLAR BONE Is mature bone that
is collagen fibers are organized into thin
sheets or layers called lamellae is
mechanically strong. Osteocytes are
oriented in centric pattern around
haversian canals.




LAMELLAR BONE
BONE
FORMATION
Ossification or Osteogenesis the process
by which bone is formed.

Types of Ossification
a.) Endochondral Ossification process by
which a pre-existing cartilage model is replaced
by bone. Most bones in the body are formed in
this way.

b.) Intramembranous Ossification - process
by which mesenchymal tissue is directly
replaced by bone without an intermediate
cartilage. Flat bones such as skull and mandible
are formed in this way.
PROCESS OF ENDOCHONDRAL
OSSIFICATION
1. Development of Cartilage model Specific
chemical messages cause the mesenchymal
cells to crowd together in the shape of the future
bone, and then develop into chondroblasts. The
chondroblasts secrete cartilage extracellular
matrix, producing a cartilage model consisting of
hyaline cartilage.
CARTILAGE MODEL
2.Growth of Cartilage
1.chondroblasts that deeply buried in
the cartilage extracellular matrix,
became chondrocytes.
2.The cartilage model grows by
continual cell division of chondrocytes
accompanied by further secretion of
the cartilage extracellular matrix.
3.As the cartilage model continues to
grow, chondrocytes in its mid-region
hypertrophy begins to calcify.
4.Chondrocytes die in calcified matrix
and lacunae form and eventually
merge into small cavities.

3. Development of Primary Ossification Center
1.Nutrient artery penetrates the perichondrium and
some cells in the perichondrium to differentiate
into osteoblasts
2.Once the bone starts to form, perichondrium is
known as the periosteum.
3.In the middle of the model, periosteal capillaries
grow in the disintegrating calcified cartilage,
inducing growth of a primary ossification center,
a region where bone tissue will replace most of
the cartilage.
DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY
OSSIFICATION CENTER
4. Development of the Medullary
(marrow) Cavity

1. As the primary ossification center grows toward
the ends of the bone, osteoclasts break down
some of the newly formed spongy bone
trabeculae.

2. This activity leaves a cavity, the medullary
(marrow) cavity, in the diaphysis (shaft).

3. Eventually, most of the wall of the diaphysis is
replaced by compact bone.
Development of Medullary Cavity
5. Development of Secondary
Ossification Centers

1.When branches of the epiphyseal artery
enter the epiphyses, secondary ossification
centers develop, usually around the time of
birth. Bone formation is similar to that in
primary ossification centers.
DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY
OSSIFICATION CENTER
6. Formation of Articular Cartilage
and the Epiphyseal Plate

The hyaline cartilage that covers the
epiphyses becomes the articular cartilage.
Prior to adulthood, hyaline cartilage
remains between the diaphysis and
epiphysis as the epiphyseal (growth) plate,
which is responsible for the lengthwise
growth of long bones.
Articular Cartilage &Epiphyseal Plate
1. Development of Ossification Center
Chemical messages cause the
mesenchymal cells to cluster together and
differentiate, first into osteogenic cells and
then into osteoblasts & secrete the
organic extracellular matrix of bone until
they are surrounded by it.


PROCESS OF INTRAMEMBRANOUS
OSSIFICATION
DEVELOPMENT OF
OSSIFICATION CENTER
2. Calcification
1. Secretion of extracellular matrix stops,
and the cells, now called osteocytes, lie in
lacunae and extend their narrow
cytoplasmic processes into canaliculi that
radiate in all directions.

2. Calcium and other mineral salts are
deposited and the extracellular matrix
hardens or calcifies (calcification).
CALCIFICATION
3. Formation of Trabeculae
1.As the bone extracellular matrix forms, it
develops into trabeculae that fuse with one
another to form spongy bone.

2.Blood vessels grow into the spaces
between the trabeculae.

3.Connective tissue that is associated with
the blood vessels in the trabeculae
differentiates into red bone marrow.
TRABECULAE FORMATION
4. Development of Periosteum

1.mesenchyme condenses at the periphery
of the bone and develops into the
periosteum.

2. Eventually, a thin layer of compact bone
replaces the surface layers of the spongy
bone, but spongy bone remains in the
center.
PERIOSTEUM
FORMATION
BONE
GROWTH
1. Growth in Thickness - Bones grow in thickness by
appositional growth (growth at the outer surface).
At the bone surface, cells in the periosteum differentiate
into osteoblasts, which secrete bone extracellular matrix.
Then the osteoblasts develop into osteocytes, lamellae are
added to the surface of the bone, and new osteons of
compact bone tissue are formed.
At the same time, osteoclasts in the endosteum destroy
the bone tissue lining the medullary cavity.
Bone destruction on the inside of the bone by osteoclasts
occurs at a slower rate than bone formation on the outside
of the bone. Thus the medullary cavity enlarges as the
bone increases in thickness.



APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
2. Growth in Length - It involves two
major events:
a.)interstitial growth of cartilage on the
epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
and

b.)replacement of cartilage on the
diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
with bone by endochondral ossification.

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
Zones of Ephiphyseal Plate
1. Zone or Resting Cartilage - This layer is nearest the epiphysis and
consists of small, scattered chondrocytes. Cells do not function in bone
growth. Rather, they anchor the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis of the bone.
2. Zone of Proliferating Cartilage Slightly larger chondrocytes in this
zone are arranged like stacks of coins. These chondrocytes undergo interstitial
growth as they divide and secrete extracellular matrix. The chondrocytes in this
zone divide to replace those that die at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal
plate.
3. Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage This layerconsists of large,
maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns
4. Zone of Calcified Cartilage - Consists mostly of chondrocytes
that are dead because the extracellular matrix around them has
calcified. Osteoclasts dissolve the calcified cartilage, and osteoblasts
and capillaries from the diaphysis invade the area. The osteoblasts lay
down bone extracellular matrix, replacing the calcified cartilage by the
process of endochondral ossification
ZONE OF EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
BONE
REMODELING
Bone Remodeling
PHASE EVENTS
Activation 1. Pre-osteoclasts are attracted to the remodeling sites.
2. Pre-osteoclasts fuse to form multinucleated osteoclasts.
Resorption 3. Osteoclasts dig out a cavity, called a resorption pit, in
spongy bone or burrow a tunnel in compact bone.
4. Osteoclasts disappear through apoptosis
Formation 5. Osteoclasts disappear.
6. Osteoblast appear on the pit/tunnel
7. Osteoblast release osteoid at the site, forming a new soft
non-mineralized matrix.
8. The new matrix is mineralized with calcium and
phosphorous.
9. Some osteoblasts trap in the matrix and become
osteocyte & some become lining of newly formed bone.
Quiescient 10. Site, with resting lining cells, remains dormant until the
next cycle
Phases of Bone Remodeling
Phases Bone Remodeling
ACTIVATION
FORMATION
RESORPTION
QUISCENT
BONE REPAIR
Bone Repair
Fracture - A fracture is any break in a bone

PROCESS OF BONE REPAIR
1. Formation of Fracture Hematoma

Blood vessels crossing the fracture line are
broken & blood leaks. A mass of clotted blood forms
around the site of the fracture. This blood mass,
called a fracture hematoma. Circulation of blood
stops at the site where the hematoma forms, nearby
bone cells die. Phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to
remove the dead or damaged tissue in and around
the fracture hematoma.
HEMATOMA FORMATION
2. Fibrocartilaginaous Callus Formation

Fibroblasts from the periosteum invade the
fracture site and produce collagen fibers. In
addition, cells from the periosteum develop
into chondroblasts and begin to produce
fibrocartilage in this region.
FIBROCARTILAGE CALLUS FORMATION
3. Bony Callus Formation

In areas closer to well-vascularized healthy
bone tissue, osteogenic cells develop into
osteoblasts, which begin to produce spongy
bone trabeculae. The trabeculae join living
and dead portions of the original bone
fragments.
BONY CALLUS FORMATION
4. Bone Remodeling

Dead portions of the original fragments of
broken bone are gradually resorbed by
osteoclasts. Compact bone replaces
spongy bone around the periphery of the
fracture.

BONE REMODELED
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BONE AND
CARTILAGE
Category Cartilage Bone
Mechanical properties
Rigid but flexible Hard and strong
Cell type
Chondrocytes Osteocytes
Cell
Shape/Arrangement/
Characteristics
a. Chondrocytes singly or
groups
b. Chondrocytes are oval
and devoid of processes
a. Osteocytes always
occur singly
b. Osteocytes are irregular
and give off processes
Lacuna
Send out Canliculi Lack Canaliculi
Composition of Matrix
Chondroitin sulfate Inorganic Salts
Vascularization
Avascular Vascular
Remodeling
No Remodelling Constantly Remodels
Matrix a.Produced by
Chondroblast
b. Occurs in a homogenous
mass
a.Produced by Osteoblast
b.Occurs in Concentric
Lamella
Ground Substance
Gel like with Chondroitin Calcified with Inorganic
Salts
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BONE, CARTILAGE &
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
Category CT Proper Cartilage Bone
Cells Several Cell Types
Ex. Adipocytes, Fibroblast
and Mast cells
Chondroblast
Chondrocytes
OsteoblastOsteocytes
and Osteoclast
Matrix Produced by Fibroblast Produced by
Chondroblast
Produced by Osteoblast
Fibers Type I Collagen, Elastin
Fiber, Reticular Fiber
Type II Collagen and
Elastin Fiber
Type II Collagen
Vascularization Vascular Avascular Vascular
Ground Substance Glycosaminoglycans and
Glycoproteins
clear, colorless and
viscous
Gel-like containing
Chondroitin sulfate.
Calcified with heavy
deposits of Inorganic
salts such as Calcium
carbonate and Calcium
Phospates
Function Fills internal spaces,
supports other tissues,
and transports materials
and stores energy.
Reducing friction at the
joints, supporting trachea
l and bronchial tubes,
acting as shock absorbers
between vertebrae, and
maintaining the shape
and flexibility of ear, nose
and so on.
Protects the body against
mechanical damage,
assisting in the
movement, providing a
framework and of body,
storing minerals and
producing red blood
and white blood cells.
Flexibility Flexible Flexible Inflexible