Bluetooth

Presenters: Group 6
Allan Alarcon, Ingrid Anderson, Bhupesh Kapoor, Shi-Wu Lee







- Name given to this new technology, set
to commercially come out this year
- It is a cable-replacement technology








- Technically, is a chip to be plugged
into computers, printers, mobile phones,
etc. Designed by taking the information
normally carried by the cable, and
transmitting it at a special frequency to a
receiver Bluetooth chip which will then
give information received to these
mobile devices.
History





History

The Bluetooth Special Interest Group
(SIG) was founded by Ericsson, IBM,
Intel, Nokia and Toshiba in February
1998 to develop as open specification for
short-range wireless connectivity.







Key Features:

Robustness, low complexity, low power
and low cost








Main Strength:

Ability to simultaneously handle
both data and voice transmissions such
as headset for voice calls.






Usage

Home: Having multiple PCs and need
for networks that are simple to install
and maintain

Commercially: Handhelds and other
mobile devices







Some System requirements:
- Universal framework to access
information across a diverse set of
devices
- Should offer similar protection as in
cables. There should not be any
compromises on security
- It should be simple, small and power
efficient for easy mobile usage




The standard requirement :
- must enable the devices to
establish ad hoc connections.
Wireless connectivity over Bluetooth
Works with: Any laptop, handheld PC or PDA with a spare Type II
PCMCIA slot

Operating Systems: Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows 98,
Windows 95 or Windows CE
Bluetooth Components
Four major components:
Radio Unit (radio transceiver)
Baseband Unit (flash memory
& CPU)
Software Stack (driver
software)
Application Software (user
interface)
Bluetooth Radio

Radio transceiver supports spectrum spreading and operates at a
frequency between 2.402 GHz - 2.480 GHz ISM band.
Spectrum spreading is accomplished by frequency hopping in 79
hops displaced by 1MHz. (maximum of 1600 hops/sec.)
Each device can optionally vary its transmitted antenna power

Device Power
Class
Max Output
Power (mW)
Max Output
Power (dBm)
Expected Range
(?Obstructed
Environment?)
Class 1 100mW 20dBm 100m
Class 2 2.5mW 4dBm 10m
Class 3 1mW 0dBm 10cm


Bluetooth Baseband

Better term: Link Controller Unit
Actual hardware unit which enables the physical link between devices
Implements baseband protocols and Link Manager (LM) routines.
link connection and power control
asynchronous and synchronous links
handles packets, paging and inquiry
applies a time-division duplex scheme (alternate transmit and
receive)

Connection Establishment
All devices are in Standby Mode by default, unconnected and
periodically scan for messages.
2 types of scans:
Page Scan - device is listening for Data Access Code (DAC)
used for set up connection
Inquiry Scan - device is listening for Inquiry Access Code (IAC)
used to discover which units are in range

Bluetooth Network Topology
capable of point to point & point to multi-point connections
Piconet:
a master device
one to seven active slave units
a piconet channel
Scatternet:
a group of piconets, up to maximum of ten
a way of connecting a device to multiple masters
Full-duplex rate of more than 6Mb/s.
Link and Packet Types
2 types of physical links
Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO)
voice and data transmission, a point to point connection between a
master and a specific slave
Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL)
data transmission only, a point to multi-point connection between a
master and all the active slaves

Bluetooth Capacities
Bluetooth can support:
one asynchronous data channel
asymmetric link of 723.2 kb/s in either direction while permitting
57.6 kb/s in the return direction
symmetric link of 433.9 kb/s
up to three simultaneous synchronous voice channels
each supports 64 kb/s in each direction
one channel which simultaneously supports asynchronous data and
synchronous voice
Note: D stands for Data , M stands for Medium rate , H stands for High rate
(All rates are in Kbits/sec)
Packet Type
Max Symmetric rate
(two way)
Max Forward
(Assymetric) rate
Max Reverse
(Assymetric) rate
DM1 108.8 108.8 108.8
DH1 172.8 172.8 172.8
DM3 258.1 387.2 54.4
DH3 390.4 585.6 86.4
DM5 286.7 477.8 36.3
DH5 433.9 723.2 57.6
AUX1 185.6 185.6 185.6

Connection Modes
4 Connection Modes
Active Mode: device is actively participating in a channel. Its
assigned an Active Member Address (AM_ADDR)
Hold Mode: maintains AM_ADDR. Supports synchronous but not
asynchronous packets
Sniff Mode: maintains AM_ADDR. Supports both synchronous and
asynchronous packets
Park Mode: no activity within a channel but remains synchronized to
a channel


Security Features
specification includes security features at the link level.
supports authentication (unidirectional or mutual) and
encryption.
devices transmit on the heavily used, unlicensed 2.45 GHz
radio band ( the same used by microwaves.)
to keep transmission from breaking up, frequency hopping
is employed.


Security Features contd
Each Bluetooth device has a unique address
Associating the ID with a person facilitates tracking
i.e. individuals can be traced and their activities easily logged.
For Bluetooth devices to communicate, an initialization process uses a
PIN.
While some devices allow users to punch in an ID number, the PIN
can also be stored in the non-volatile memory of the device
Security Modes
Bluetooth security is divided into three
modes:
Security Mode 1: non-secure
Security Mode 2: service level enforced security
Security Mode 3: link level enforced security
Security Architecture

Security Implementation within the Architecture

Two possible security
modes for devices:
Trusted Device
Such a device would have
access to all services for which
the trust relationship has been
set.
Untrusted Device
Such a device would have
restricted access to services.

Three levels of security for
services:
Authorisation Required
access granted to trusted
devices
Authentication Required
the remote device must be
authenticated
Encryption Required
The link must be changed to
encrypted mode, before access
to the service is possible



Potential Weaknesses
PIN code problems
Spoofing due to non-secret link key
Spoofing Bluetooth device addresses
Limited transport in 2.4 GHz band.
Mbps for BlueTooth. Need higher
rate for Local Area Networks.
(sending graphics to be printed)

mutual perturbation (cross-talk) of
corresponding office equipment
within a same building

frequency hopping provides some
level of security, confidentiality
may be compromised via currently
available decoder technology.
Bluetooth is WPAN (Wireless
Personal Area Network) not LAN
replacement. low cost, low profile,
low power wireless link for
convenience

BT not designed for large file nor
fast transfer; for mobility and
convenience

wireless devices always have
security issues, but BTs range is
10 meters need to be within this
range to pick up transmission
Drawbacks Benefits
Higher frequency 60GHz:
a. free world wide
b. less cross talk thus more
confidentiality of transmitted
information
c. larger bandwidth than 2.4 GHz
60 GHz - Not Cost Effective
(potentially higher cost of
necessary adapters. Power drain
and may be larger in size.
BlueTooth designed to circumvent
these issues. Cheap, low power,
and convenient.
Drawbacks Benefits
Compatibility of BlueTooth: Upgrade to BT
PC's quite easy. Bluetooth PCMCIA cards, USB connectors etc. are
developed at this stage, thus only a matter of installing the device, and
loading up some bluetooth software

Upgrade PDAs with BlueTooth add-on chips or buy PDAs with chip
already in place

current Mobile Phones may not be upgraded , due to their cheap cost
and relativity limited complexity, and lack an interface for any kind of
bluetooth device (such as a USB port). Although Ericsson will be
offering a bluetooth chip add-on.
Future : Is it already here?
Bluetooth vs Airport (802.11)
1MB/sec, 10 meters, 7 active
devices
can be used wherever you are
home, office or on the move.
(PDA, mobile phone)
Cheap; various applications to
drive the price down
(electronics, telecoms,
automotive and computing)
BT future revision may be as a
high speed network solution
10 MB/sec, 50 meters, 10 active
devices
wireless networking only
pricer
higher speed wireless
networking solution