Chapter 37-Insects

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Resources
Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts
Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

Insects
Chapter 37
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Insect World
Section 2 Insect Behavior

Chapter 37
Objectives
• Relate the major characteristics of insects to insects’ biological
success.
• List both harmful and beneficial effects of insects on human

society.
• Describe the external structure and organ systems of a

grasshopper.
• Compare incomplete and complete metamorphosis in insects.
• Describe defensive adaptations in insects.

Chapter 37
Characteristics and Classification of Insects

• The insect body is divided into three tagmata:
– The head has mandibles and one pair of
unbranched antennae.
– The thorax has three pairs of jointed legs and, in
many species, one or two pairs of wings.
– The abdomen has 9 to 11 segments but neither
wings nor legs in adults.

Chapter 37
Exploration of
an Insect

Chapter 37
Comparison of Crustaceans and Insects

Chapter 37
Characteristics of Insects
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

Chapter 37
Characteristics and Classification of Insects

• The study of insects and other terrestrial arthropods is called
entomology, and the scientists who engage in it are known as
entomologists.
• Entomologists classify insects into more than 25 orders based

on characteristics such as:
– structure of mouthparts
– number of wings
– type of development

Chapter 37
Insect Diversity

Chapter 37
Common Insect
Orders

Chapter 37
Characteristics and Classification of Insects,
continued
The Success of Insects
• Insects live in almost every terrestrial and freshwater
environment.
• Factors responsible for their success include:
– ability to fly
– exoskeleton
– jointed appendages
– small size
– short life span

Chapter 37
Characteristics and Classification of Insects,
continued
Insects and People
• Insects negatively affect humans by:
– competing for food
– transmitting diseases
– destroying buildings and other manufactured
products
• Insects benefit humans by:
– serving as food for other animals
– pollinating flowers
– making valuable products such as honey
– recycling nutrients in ecosystems

Chapter 37
The Grasshopper
External Structure
• The body of a grasshopper has three tagmata:
– The head bears the mouthparts, a pair of
unbranched antennae, and pairs of simple and
compound eyes.
– The thorax is composed of the prothorax, the
mesothorax, and the metathorax.
– The abdomen has upper and lower plates.
• The rigid exoskeleton and its waxy cuticle
covering are adaptations for a terrestrial life.

Chapter 37
External Anatomy of a Grasshopper

Chapter 37
Anatomy of a Grasshopper
Visual Concept

Chapter 37
The Grasshopper, continued

Feeding and Digestion
• Insect mouthparts are adapted for different functions

in different species.
• Grasshoppers feed on plants, and their mouthparts
are modified for cutting and chewing leaves and
blades of grass.
• The labrum and labium are mouthparts that function
like upper and lower lips, respectively.

Chapter 37
Insect Mouthparts

Chapter 37
Feeding Habits of Grasshoppers
Visual Concept

Chapter 37

Circulation, Respiration, and Excretion
• Insects have an open circulatory system that

transports nutrients through the body.
• Gas exchange occurs by means of air-filled tracheae

that reach deep into the body.
• Malpighian tubules remove cellular wastes from the

hemolymph while conserving water.

Chapter 37
Grasshopper Circulatory and
Respiratory Systems
Visual Concept

Chapter 37

Neural Control
• The grasshopper’s central nervous system consists of a

brain and a ventral nerve cord with ganglia located in
each body segment.
• Nerves extend from the brain to sensory structures.
• Insect sensory structures include :
– simple and compound eyes
– sensory hairs on antennae and other body parts
– in some species, a sound-sensing tympanum

Chapter 37
Internal Anatomy of a Grasshopper

Chapter 37

Reproduction
• Grasshoppers have separate sexes, as do all insects.

• During mating, the male deposits sperm into the
female’s seminal receptacle, where the eggs are
fertilized internally.
• The last segment of the female’s abdomen forms the
ovipositor, which she uses to lay fertilized eggs.

Chapter 37
Insect Development
• Most insects go through metamorphosis.
• In incomplete metamorphosis, a nymph hatches
from an egg and resembles the adult but has
undeveloped reproductive organs and no wings. The
nymph molts several times to become an adult.
• In complete metamorphosis, a wormlike larva
called a caterpillar hatches from an egg and molts
several times before becoming a pupa. The pupa
molts to produce the adult, which resembles neither
the larva nor the pupa.

Chapter 37
Incomplete
Metamorphosis

Chapter 37
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Visual Concept

Chapter 37
Types of Insects That Go Through
Incomplete Metamorphosis

Chapter 37
Complete Metamorphosis

Chapter 37
Complete Metamorphosis
Visual Concept

Chapter 37
Types of Insects That Go Through Complete
Metamorphosis

Chapter 37
Incomplete Versus Complete Metamorphosis

Chapter 37
Insect Development, continued

Importance of Metamorphosis
• Complete metamorphosis allows larvae and adults of

the same species to avoid competing for space and
food.
• Metamorphosis also allows insects to survive periods

of harsh weather or scant resources.

Chapter 37
Life Cycle of a Monarch Butterfly

Chapter 37
Insect Defense
• Insects may defend themselves by:
– stinging
– using camouflage
– releasing noxious chemicals
• Insects that are dangerous or taste bad often have
warning coloration that makes them recognizable to
predators.
• The warning coloration of a dangerous species may
be mimicked by harmless species.

Chapter 37
Digestive Tract of a Bee

Chapter 37
Tracheal System of a Beetle

Chapter 37
Parts of an Insect Mouth
Visual Concept

Chapter 37
Objectives
• Identify three ways that insects communicate, and
give an example of each.
• Describe the social organization of honeybees.
• Explain how honeybees communicate information

about the location of food.

Chapter 37
Communication
Insects communicate by behaviors such as:
– releasing pheromones
– producing sounds
– producing flashes of light

Chapter 37
Behavior in Honey Bees

• Social insects live in complex groups or colonies.
• The division of labor among social insects creates
interdependence and a need for communication.
• The social behavior of these insects is genetically
determined behavior, or innate behavior.
• Honeybee colonies consist mostly of female worker
bees. They perform all duties but they do not
produce their own offspring.
• Reproduction in each colony is the exclusive function
of one queen bee and a few hundred male drones.

Chapter 37
Behavior in Honey Bees, continued

• Worker bees perform many functions during their
lifetime, which lasts about six weeks.
• At one stage, worker bees are called nurse bees and
secrete royal jelly, which they feed to the queen and
youngest larvae.
• The queen bee develops when selected larvae are
fed a continuous diet of royal jelly.
• As a new queen matures, she secretes queen
factor, which prevents other female larvae from
developing into queens.

Chapter 37

The Dances of the Bees
• Honeybees communicate the direction and distance

to food sources by performing dances inside the hive.
• Honeybees use two types of dances:
– The round dance indicates that a food source is
nearby.
– The waggle dance indicates the direction of food
and the food’s distance from the hive.

Chapter 37

Altruistic Behavior
• In defending the colony, worker bees show altruistic

behavior toward their close relatives in the colony.
• By working for the colony, the worker bees increase

the propagation of their own genes.

Chapter 37
Social Insects
Visual Concept

Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 37
Multiple Choice
1. What are an insect’s legs and wings attached to?
A. head
B. thorax
C. labrum
D. abdomen

Chapter 37
Multiple Choice, continued

1. What are an insect’s legs and wings attached to?
A. head
B. thorax
C. labrum
D. abdomen

Chapter 37

2. What are the mouthparts of a grasshopper
specialized for?
F. sucking fluids
G. lapping up liquids
H. cutting and tearing fibers
J. filtering food out of muddy water

Chapter 37

2. What are the mouthparts of a grasshopper
specialized for?
F. sucking fluids
G. lapping up liquids
H. cutting and tearing fibers
J. filtering food out of muddy water

Chapter 37

3. What is the term for the immature form of an insect
that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis?
A. adult
B. pupa
C. infant
D. nymph

Chapter 37

3. What is the term for the immature form of an insect
that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis?
A. adult
B. pupa
C. infant
D. nymph

Chapter 37

The illustration below shows the life cycle of a butterfly.
Use the illustration to answer the questions that follow.

Chapter 37

4. What kind of life cycle is shown?
F. direct development
G. seasonal development
H. complete metamorphosis
J. incomplete metamorphosis

Chapter 37

4. What kind of life cycle is shown?
F. direct development
G. seasonal development
H. complete metamorphosis
J. incomplete metamorphosis

Chapter 37

5. What is the term for the developmental stage
labeled C?
A. pupa
B. larva
C. nymph
D. caterpillar

Chapter 37

5. What is the term for the developmental stage
labeled C?
A. pupa
B. larva
C. nymph
D. caterpillar

Chapter 37

6. queen factor : queen bee :: royal jelly
F. drone
G. worker
H. queen bee
J. pheromone

Chapter 37

6. queen factor : queen bee :: royal jelly
F. drone
G. worker
H. queen bee
J. pheromone

Chapter 37

The diagram below shows the external structure of a
grasshopper. Use the diagram to answer the
questions that follow.

Chapter 37

7. What is the term for the structure(s) labeled D?
A. thorax
B. labrum
C. abdomen
D. antennae

Chapter 37

7. What is the term for the structure(s) labeled D?
A. thorax
B. labrum
C. abdomen
D. antennae

Chapter 37

8. Which of the following structures is part of the
structure labeled B?
F. ovipositor
G. mandibles
H. tympanum
J. malphigian tubules

Chapter 37

8. Which of the following structures is part of the
structure labeled B?
F. ovipositor
G. mandibles
H. tympanum
J. malphigian tubules

Chapter 37
Short Response
Defensive adaptations in insects increase the
chances of insects’ survival.
Distinguish between passive defenses and aggressive

defenses, and give two examples of each.

Chapter 37
Short Response, continued

Defensive adaptations in insects increase the
chances of insects’ survival.
Distinguish between passive defenses and aggressive

defenses, and give two examples of each.
Answer:
Passive defenses don’t involve behavior. Examples include
camouflage, warning coloration, being poisonous, or tasting
bad. Aggressive defenses involve aggressive behavior, such
as stinging a potential predator or spraying it with a noxious
chemical.

Chapter 37
Extended Response
Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below.
Farmers often try to limit the number of insects on crops by

applying chemical insecticides to the crops. Sometimes, an
insecticide that had previously been effective no longer
affects certain types of insects.
Part A
Why do farmers try to control insects?
Part B
How can the effect of insecticides on certain insect populations
change?

Chapter 37
Extended Response, continued

Answer
Part A
Insects can cause extensive crop damage.
Part B
Insecticides may control pest populations at first.
However, insects with genes that confer pesticide
resistance may survive and reproduce in large
numbers while non-resistant insects die off. The
result is an insect population that has evolved
resistance to the insecticide.

Chapter 37-Insects

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How to Use This Presentation

• To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects

• To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow

• From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a

• From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go

• You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts

Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Insect Behavior

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• List both harmful and beneficial effects of insects on human

• Describe the external structure and organ systems of a

• Compare incomplete and complete metamorphosis in insects.

• Describe defensive adaptations in insects.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Characteristics and Classification of Insects

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Comparison of Crustaceans and Insects

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Characteristics and Classification of Insects

• Entomologists classify insects into more than 25 orders based

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

External Anatomy of a Grasshopper

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Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

The Grasshopper, continued

• Insect mouthparts are adapted for different functions

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Feeding Habits of Grasshoppers

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

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Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

The Grasshopper, continued