pursuit of the aims of education the schools are to pursue . In order to achieve these aims , a good curriculum must: 1. Encourage inquiry and creativity A good curriculum must allow the learners to use their intellect , talent and abilities in order for them to exert full effort that would sharpen their full potentials as a learners . As a result, individual development among learners will be attained. A good curriculum is develop through the efforts of the group of individuals from different sectors of the society who are acknowledgeable about the interest ,needs and resources of the learner and the society as a whole. The curriculum is a product of many minds and energies. It should also upholds the equal rights of the different learners towards learning. The democracy with regards to the procedure goes with the acceptance of individual differences of the learners.
The curriculum must take into consideration that every learner has his/her own ability ,intellect ,personality ,skill and talent. These considerations make up the learners differences resulting to different needs towards learning. The curriculum must be open to different changes brought by new findings and methods due to our fast changing world. These must be accepted in order for the curriculum to still attain its goals. A good curriculum minimize memorization because too much memorization often lacks understanding. If the concept was just memorized without understanding , it will just stored in your short term memory and you will probably forget about it after you have taken exams for example . This situation does not show affective learning. On the contrary ,a good curriculum must maximize discoveries because it provides better learning. According to the ability of the brain to retain certain concept , it is said that 90% of what you did and 70% of what you said are retained in our brain. Therefore ,the more discoveries done ,the more learning took place.
This explains that every potential which are given proper attention and consideration by the teachers provides a strong encouragement and motivation in the learners toward the learning process. Teachers must be exposed to different modern teaching materials such as solving grades by Microsoft excel and using power point presentations. They must be open to these roles in order for them to be an effective educators. For the curriculum to be effective ,it must have continuous evaluation and monitoring. The curriculum must adapt its educational activities and services to meet the needs of a modern and dynamic community . Simply ,a good curriculum is a progressive curriculum . A good curriculum reflects on the needs of the individual in the society as a whole. The curriculum is in proper shape in order to meet the challenges in times and make education more resp0nsive to the clientele it serves. It takes a period of time in planning, management , evaluation and development of a good curriculum . A good curriculum provides the proper instructional equipment and meeting places that are often most conducive to learning. It includes the student-teacher relationship, guidance and counseling program, health services and etc. The classes and the activities should be planned so as to achieve an orderly development of the subject matter and step- by-step progress of the learner. There is a smooth transition and continuing achievement of the learners from one subject matter, classroom, grade or school to another. A good curriculum provides continuity of experience. The curriculum is responsive to the needs of the community. The school offers its assistance in the improvement and realization of ongoing programs of the community. There is a cooperative effort between the school and the community towards greater productivity. The curriculum helps the learner to become the best part that he can possibly be. The curriculum support the system is secured to augment existing sources for its efficient and effective implementation. A good curriculum must be ready to incorporate changes whenever necessary. The curriculum is open to revision and development to meet the demands of globalization and digital age.
1.A good curriculum is systematically planned and evaluated. 2.A good curriculum reflects adequately the aims of the school. 3.A good curriculum maintains balance among all aims of the school. 4.A good curriculum promotes continuity of experience.
End! :P
According to Chapman, the work of a skillful and worthy translator is to observe the sentences, figures and forms of speech proposed in his author.
The translator must:
1. Avoid word-for-word renderings 2. Attempt to reach the spirit of the original 3. Avoid over loose translations by basing the translation on a sound scholarly investigation of other versions and glosses.
Three Basic Types of Translation according to John Dyden:
1. Metaphase- turning an author word by word and line by line, from one language into another. 2. Paraphrase- translation with latitude, the Ciceronian sense-for-sense view of translation. 3. Imitation- translator can abandon the text of the original as he sees fit. The Third Period
Proponents: ( no proponents stated) Key Developments Stars with the publication of the first papers on machine translation in 1940s
Characterized Introduction of Structural and Applied Linguistics. Concept or principles of translation during this period This period is characterized by contrastive studies in morphology and syntax among others which help the translator identify similarities and differences between NL and FL.
Comprises two eras:
First Pioneering era ( 1949-1954)
Second era- the invention of the first generation of machine translation. The Fourth Period
Proponents: Russian Literary theorists (Polysytem Theory) Germans (Skopos Theory) Key Developments This period has witnessed the emergence of many new theories:
Polysytem Theory Skopos Theory Concepts or principles of translation during this period Polysytem Theory (Russian Literary Theorists)
Offers general model for understanding analyzing and describing the functions, evolution of literary systems, its specific application to the study of translated literature. These systems have several levels: 1. Linguistic 2. Cultural 3. Social Skopos Theory ( Germans)
Reflects the shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal theories to a more functional and socioculturally oriented concept of translation.