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T L SINGAL : Wireless Communications McGraw-Hill Education 2010

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Wireless
Communications

T L Singal

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T L SINGAL : Wireless Communications McGraw-Hill Education 2010
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5
Cellular Antenna
System Design
Considerations
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T L SINGAL : Wireless Communications McGraw-Hill Education 2010
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Cellular Antenna System Design
Considerations
Antenna Characteristics
Antennas at Cell Site
Mobile Antennas
Design of Omni-directional Antenna
Cellular System
Design of Directional Antenna Cellular
Systems
Antenna Parameters and their Effects
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What is an Antenna?
An interface between RF cable connected to
transmitter/receiver units and the space
Tx antenna - converts the electrical energy
traveling along a RF cable from a Tx unit into
electromagnetic waves in space
Rx antenna - the electric and magnetic fields
in space cause current to flow in the conductors
that make up Rx antenna and some of this
energy is transferred to RF cable connected to it
and Rx unit
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Basic Antennas
An isotropic antenna is defined as a hypothetical
loss less antenna having equal radiation in all
directions.
An isotropic radiator is taken as a reference
for expressing the directional properties of actual
antennas.
A directional antenna is one having the
property of radiating or receiving electromagnetic
waves more effectively in some directions than in
others.
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Antennas Characteristics
An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern
is defined as a mathematical function or graphical
representation of the radiation properties of the
antenna as a function of space coordinates.
A graph of the spatial variation of the electric or
magnetic field along a constant distance path, is
called a field pattern.
The linear dipole is an example of an omni
directional antenna -- an antenna having a radiation
pattern which is non-directional in a plane.
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Omni-directional Antenna
Radiation Patterns
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EIRP and ERP
The power radiated within a given
geographic area is usually specified either
with reference to isotropic antenna or an
omnidirectional dipole antenna.
The effective isotropic radiated power
(EIRP) is referenced to an isotropic antenna.
The effective radiated power (ERP) is
referenced to an omnidirectional antenna.
ERP = EIRP + 2 dB
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Directivity and Absolute gain
Directivity of a Tx antenna is the ratio of the
radiation intensity flowing in a given direction to the
radiation intensity averaged over all direction.
Directivity is sometimes referred to as
directive gain.
Absolute gain of a Tx antenna in a given direction
is the ratio of the radiation intensity flowing in that
direction to the radiation intensity that would be
obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were
radiated isotropically.
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Antenna gain
Antenna gain is directional gain, not power
gain, due to focusing of the radiated energy in
specified direction.
Absolute gain (Power gain) is closely related to
directivity, but considers efficiency of antenna as
well as its directional characteristics.
The efficiency of a Tx antenna is the ratio
of total radiated power radiated by antenna to
the input power to the antenna.
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Effective area of Rx antenna
It is the ratio of the available power at the
terminals of the antenna to the radiation
intensity of a plane wave incident on the
antenna in the given direction.
The gain of a Rx antenna is the ratio of
the antennas effective area to that of an
isotropic antenna
Antenna gain, G
r
= 4 A
eff
/
c
2
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Other Antenna Parameters
The radiation resistance of a half-wave
dipole antenna situated in free-space and fed
at the center is approximately 70.
The polarization of a radio wave is the
orientation of its electric field vector. It could
be horizontal or vertical or hybrid.
The ratio between the gains to the front and
back lobes is the front-to-back ratio,
expressed in dB.
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Antennas at Cell-site
Cell-site antennas are mounted on a
single microwave tower located in the center
of the cell
An adequate nos. of antennas are
placed to cover all of 360 degrees of a cell
The effect of an omni directional antenna
can be achieved by employing several
directional antennas to cover the whole of 360
degrees
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Space Diversity Antennas
Two-branch space-diversity antennas are
used to receive the same signal with two
different fading envelopes.
Spacing between two Rx antennas (s)
depends upon the degree of correlation
between two fading envelopes and is given by
s=h/11, where h is the antenna height.
On combining the two received signals, the
degree of fading is reduced.
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Diversity Antenna Mounting
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Cell-site Antenna Tower
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Cell-site Antenna Mounting
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Mobile Antennas
The requirement of a mobile (motor-vehicle
mounted) antenna is an omnidirectional
antenna.
Can be located as high as possible from
the point of reception.
The physical limitation of antenna height on
the vehicle restricts this requirement
Generally the antenna should at least
clear the top of the vehicle.
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Mobile Antenna Types
Roof-mounted antennas 3 dB high-gain
antenna
Glass-mounted antennas 1 to 3 dB gain,
lower height than roof-mounted antennas
Mobile high-gain (2 to 3 dB) antennas
Horizontally oriented space-diversity
antennas
Vertically oriented space-diversity
antennas
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Design of Omni-directional
Antenna Cellular System
Cochannel Interface with
Omnidirectional Cell Site
.
.
.
.
.
.
Interfering
Cell
First Tier
1
I
N
i
C R
I
D

4
.
6
1
q
I
C

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Worst-case Omni Antenna Design
D1 = D
D2 = (D+R)
D3 = (D+R)
D4 = D
D5 = (D-R)
D6= (D-R)
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C/I in Worst-case Omni Directional
Cellular Antenna Design

) ( 2 2 ) ( 2
) (
R D D R D
R
omni
I
C

) 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1 ( 2
1
) (
q q q
omni
I
C
For q = 4.6 (K=7), and =4, C/I 17 dB,
which is less than the desired C/I = 18 dB.
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Cell Sectoring using Directional
Antennas
The process of reducing the co-channel
interference and thereby improving C/I by
using directional antennas is known as Cell
Sectoring.
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Cell Sectoring
An omni cell is partitioned into three 120
degree sectors or six 60 degree sectors
The channels used in a particular cell are
broken down into sectored groups and are
used only in a particular sector
Each sector is assigned a set of channels
The interference between two cochannel
cells decreases with cell sectoring
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3-sector Cellular System Design
D1 = D+0.7R
For q = 4.6, and
=4, C/I 24.5 dB,
which is more than
desired C/I = 18 dB.
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6-sector Cellular System Design
D1 = D+0.7R
For q = 4.6, and
=4, C/I 29 dB, which
is more than desired
C/I = 18 dB.
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C/I for different Antenna Systems
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Cell Sectoring Pros & Cons
Depends upon proper installation of cell-
site directional antennas
Enhances signal quality
Improves system capacity
Increases handoff occurrences
Increases trunking inefficiencies
Reduces available number of channels
in each sector
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Microcell Zone Concept
Related to sharing the same radio
equipment by different microcells
Three directional antennas installed at a
junction point, referred to as zone-site
Results in reduction of cluster size
Used to expand the capacity of cellular
systems
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Lees Microcell Zone Concept
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Effects of Antenna Parameters
Antenna parameters that affect coverage and
reduce cochannel interference include
Antenna radiation pattern
Antenna beamwidth
Antenna gain
Antenna height
Separation between transmitting and
receiving antennas
Antenna tilting
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Effects of Lowering Antenna Heights
In fairly flat ground or in a valley
situation, lowering the antenna height is
very effective for reducing the cochannel
and adjacent channel interference.
However, lowering the cell-site antenna
height may or may not reduce the
interference on a high hill or a high spot,
In a valley, or in a forest area
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Summary
Antenna characteristics include
radiation pattern, directivity, gain, etc.
Cell site and mobile antennas must be
installed properly
Omnidirectional antenna system
design does not meet C/I requirements
Cell sectoring improves C/I and
system capacity but increases handoffs
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