& MULTIPLE

ACCESS
GROUP MEMBERS
HAFIZ ZAIN-UL-ABIDEEN 31
MUHAMMAD SAAD SIDDIQUI 53
KHALIL AHMED 43
ALI RAZA 15
MUHAMMAD UMAIR 57
Contents

Multiplexing Techniques
Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)
Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Wavelength Division
Multiplexing(WDM)
Contents

Multiple Access
Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
 Multiplexing
Multiplexing is a technique by which
several low bandwidth channels are
combined into one channel with a
larger bandwidth.
It is a technique(s) that makes efficient
use of transmission medium by allowing
multiple signals to be carried on a
single medium.
Why Multiplexing?
In past one transmission path was
used for every signal which is
inefficient and costly.
It is solved through multiplexing by
which we can transmit many
signals on one transmission path.
Why Multiplexing?
Under the simplest conditions, a
medium can carry only one signal
at any moment in time.
For multiple signals to share one
medium, the medium must
somehow be divided, giving each
signal a portion of the total
bandwidth.
 Multiplexing
History
By the early 1900’s most cities were filled with
telephone poles from which were hung hundreds
of wires.
In 1910 an Army Signal Corporations officer,
Major George O. Squier, built an experimental
system based on the concept of separating
speech signals in frequency and sending them
over the same transmission line.
 Multiplexing
This approach of separating signals
was called multiplexing, and it
made possible the extension of
telephone service without adding a
pair of wires for every additional
circuit that was needed.
 Multiplexing
Two or more simultaneous transmissions on a
single circuit.
 Transparent to end user.
Multiplexing costs less.
Multiplexor
A device that combines n input lines
into one single line (many to one).
Demultiplexor
A device that separates one single
line into n output lines (one to
many).
Analogy – highway with
several lanes.
medium – highway
users – cars
interference – accidents 
The current techniques that can
accomplish this include
frequency division multiplexing
(FDM)
time division multiplexing (TDM)
Synchronous vs statistical
wavelength division multiplexing
(WDM)
code division multiplexing (CDM)
Categories of multiplexing
 Space division
multiplexing
The earliest multiplexing technique in which
separate pair of wires used for the source to
destination end is called Space-division
multiplexing.
In the early telephone days, each
conversation was carried on a separate
pairs of wires this approach is known as
space division multiplexing.
Suppose that if you want to see two
television channels like Discovery and
ARY using Space-division multiplexing
you would need two television set, each
connected to a separate wire. On one
set you could see Discovery on the
other ARY. You cannot see both
channels in one one set because space
division multiplexing requires a
separate physical path for each signal.
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
Space-division multiplexing has three
advantages.
simple and straightforward.
Can be very economical over short physical
distances, because no physical equipment is
needed other than the wires.
Using separate circuits minimizes the
interference among signals being carried
between the same two points.
On the other hand Space-
division multiplexing has two
main disadvantages.
Cost and waste. It can be very
expensive, because lots of wires
and poles are required.
Maintaining space-division multiplex
systems is often costly because of
the number and length of circuits.
Wasteful of available bandwidth.
Frequency Division
Multiplexing (FDM)
Frequency division multiplexing is
a analog technique that combines
analog signals.
It can be applied when the
bandwidth of link is greater than
the combine bandwidths.
Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Assignment of non-overlapping
frequency ranges to each “user” or
signal on a medium. Thus, all
signals are transmitted at the same
time, each using different
frequencies.
A corresponding multiplexer, or
demultiplexer, is on the end of the
high-speed line and separates the
multiplexed signals.
FDM process
Multiplexing process
Each source generates a signal of a similar
frequency range. Inside the multiplexer,
these similar signals modulates different
frequencies (f1, f2, and f3). The resulting
modulated signals are then combined into
a composite signal that is sent out over a
media link that has enough bandwidth to
accommodate it.
FDM demultiplexing example
Demultiplexing
The demultiplexer uses a series of
filters to decompose the
multiplexed signal. The individual
signals are then passed to
demodulator that separates them
from their carriers and passes
them to the output lines.
Applications of FDM
A very common application of FDM
is AM and FM radio broadcasting. A
special band from 530 KHZ to 1700
KHZ is assigned to AM radio. All
radio stations share this band.
Another common use of FDM is in
television broadcasting. Each TV
channel has its own bandwidth of 6
MHZ.
The first generation of cellular
telephones (AMPS) also uses FDM.
Each user is assigned two 30 KHZ
channels, one for sending voice
and the other for receiving by
using FM.
Advantages
The traditional way of allocating a
single channel, such as a
telephone trunk, among multiple
competing users, is to use
Frequency Division Multiplexing.
No two users use the same
frequency and thus do not interfere
with each other.
This technique is good if the
number of sending computer is
small and fixed with each sending
computers having a lot of
information to send
Disadvantages
This technique is bad if there are many
users interference problem.
If a user has nothing to send, no other
user can use their frequency.
Data traffic tends to be bursty
Capacity of the channel is not being fully
exploited. However, it is a fair scheme
since each user have opportunity to
transmit on the shared medium
Time Division Multiplexing
Sharing of the signal is accomplished by dividing
available transmission time on a medium among
users.
Digital signaling is used exclusively.
Time division multiplexing comes in two basic
forms:
1. Synchronous time division multiplexing, and
2. Statistical, or asynchronous time division
multiplexing.
Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
The original time division multiplexing.
The multiplexor accepts input from attached
devices in a round-robin fashion and transmit
the data in a never ending pattern.
T-1 and ISDN telephone lines are common
examples of synchronous time division
multiplexing.
Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
If one device generates data at a faster rate
than other devices, then the multiplexor must
either sample the incoming data stream from
that device more often than it samples the
other devices, or buffer the faster incoming
stream.
If a device has nothing to transmit, the
multiplexor must still insert a piece of data
from that device into the multiplexed stream.
Synchronous time division multiplexing
So that the receiver may stay synchronized with the
incoming data stream, the transmitting multiplexor
can insert alternating 1s and 0s into the data stream.
Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
Three types popular today:
•T-1 multiplexing (the classic)
•ISDN multiplexing
•SONET ( Synchronous Optical
Network)
The T1 (1.54 Mbps) multiplexor stream is a
continuous series of frames of both
digitized data and voice channels.

24 separate 64Kbps channels

The ISDN multiplexor stream is also a continuous
stream of frames. Each frame contains various
control and sync info.
SONET – massive data rates
Synchronous TDM
Very popular
Line will require as much
bandwidth as all the bandwidths of
the sources
Statistical Time Division
Multiplexing
A statistical multiplexor transmits only the data from
active workstations (or why work when you don’t
have to).
If a workstation is not active, no space is wasted on
the multiplexed stream.
A statistical multiplexor accepts the incoming data
streams and creates a frame containing only the data
to be transmitted.
To identify each piece of data, an address
is included.
If the data is of variable size, a length is
also included.
More precisely, the transmitted frame
contains a collection of data groups.
Statistical Time Division
Multiplexing
A statistical multiplexor does not require a
line over as high a speed line as synchronous
time division multiplexing since STDM does
not assume all sources will transmit all of the
time!
Good for low bandwidth lines (used for
LANs)
Much more efficient use of bandwidth!
Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (WDM)
Give each message a different wavelength
(frequency)
Easy to do with fiber optics and optical
sources
Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (DWDM)
Dense wavelength division multiplexing is often
called just wavelength division multiplexing
Dense wavelength division multiplexing multiplexes
multiple data streams onto a single fiber optic line.
Different wavelength lasers (called lambdas)
transmit the multiple signals.
Each signal carried on the fiber can be transmitted at
a different rate from the other signals.
Dense wavelength division multiplexing combines
many (30, 40, 50, 60, more?) onto one fiber.
Code Division Multiplexing
(CDM)
Old but now new method
Also known as code division multiple access
(CDMA)
An advanced technique that allows multiple
devices to transmit on the same frequencies at
the same time using different codes
Used for mobile communications
Code Division Multiplexing
An advanced technique that allows multiple
devices to transmit on the same frequencies at
the same time.
Each mobile device is assigned a unique 64-
bit code (chip spreading code)
To send a binary 1, mobile device transmits
the unique code
To send a binary 0, mobile device transmits
the inverse of code
Code Division Multiplexing
Receiver gets summed signal, multiplies it by
receiver code, adds up the resulting values
Interprets as a binary 1 if sum is near +64
Interprets as a binary 0 if sum is near –64
MULTIPLE ACCESS
Multiple hosts sharing the same medium
SHARED MEDIA
Ethernet bus
Radio channel
Token ring network
Single shared broadcast channel
Two or more simultaneous transmissions by
nodes: interference
 Collision if node receives two or more signals at

the same time

 COMMON MULTIPLE
ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES

FDMA (FREQUENCY DIVISION

MULTIPLE ACCESS)
TDMA (TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS)
CDMA (CODE DIVISON MULTIPLE
ACCESS)
FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLE ACCESS
Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA
is an channel Access method that is used
by radio systems to share a certain radio
spectrum between multiple users. The
users are individually allocated one or
several frequency bands, allowing them to
access the radio system without interfering
with each other.
It is important to distinguish between FDMA
and frequency-division duplexing (FDD). While
FDMA allows multiple users simultaneous
access a certain system, FDD refers to how the
radio channel is shared between the uplink and
downlink (for instance, the traffic going back
and forth between a mobile-phone and a base-
station).
Furthermore, frequency-division
multiplexing (FDM) should not be
confused with FDMA. The former is a
physical layer technique that combines
and transmits low-bandwidth channels
through a high-bandwidth channel.
FDMA, on the other hand, is an access
method in the data link layer.
FDMA
FDMA puts each call on a separate
frequency
 Separates spectrum into distinct
channels by splitting it into uniform
bands of bandwidth
Mainly used for analog
transmission
FDMA Diagram
TDMA (TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS)
Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel
access method for shared medium (usually radio) networks. It
allows several users to share the same frequency channel by
dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in
rapid succession, one after the other, each using his own time slot.
This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission
medium (e.g. radio frequency channel) while using only a part of its
channel capacity. TDMA is used in the digital 2G cellular systems
such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).
 TDMA
•With TDMA, a narrow band that has a
bandwidth of 30 kHz and is 6.7 ms long is split
time-wise into three time slots
–Each conversation gets to transmit for 1/3 of
the time
–Possible because voice data converted into
digital information that is compressed
allowing for less transmission time
TDMA Diagram
CDMA (CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS)
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a
channel access method utilized by various radio
communication technologies. It should not be
confused with the mobile phone standards called
cdmaOne and CDMA2000 (which are often
referred to as simply "CDMA"), that use CDMA as
their underlying channel access methods.
•One of the basic concepts in data communication
is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send
information simultaneously over a single
communication channel. This allows several users
to share a bandwidth of frequencies. This concept
is called multiplexing. CDMA employs
spread-spectrum technology and a special coding
scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a
code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed
over the same physical channel.
By contrast, time division multiple access
(TDMA) divides access by time, while
frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)
divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of
"spread-spectrum" signaling, since the
modulated coded signal has a much higher
data bandwidth than the data being
communicated
CDMA Diagram
 2G: IS-95A
Standard IS-95, ANSI J-STD-008
(1995)
Multiple Access CDMA
Uplink Frequency 869-894 MHz
Downlink 824-849 MHz
Frequency
Channel 1.25 MHz
Separation
Modulation BPSK/QPSK
Scheme
Number of 64
Channel
Channel Bit Rate 1.25 Mbps (chip rate)
Speech Rate 8~13 kbps
Data Rate Up to 14.4 kbps
 2.5G: IS-95B (1998)

Increased data rate for internet

applications
Up to 115 kbps (8 times that of
2G)
Support web browser format
language
Wireless Application Protocol
(WAP)
 3G
Ability Technology
to receive live music,
interactive web sessions, voice
and data with multimedia features
Global Standard IMT-2000
CDMA 2000, proposed by TIA
W-CDMA, proposed by
ARIB/ETSI
Issued by ITU (International
Telecommunication Union)
3G: W-CDMA (2000)
Stands for “wideband” CDMA
Channel Bandwidth:
 5, 10 or 20 MHz

Chip rate at 4.096 Mbps

Modulation Scheme
 QPSK in downlink

 BPSK in uplink
Wish you Best
of Luck