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RF
CELLULAR
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GSM RF Cellular Concept
Contents:

1. Handover
2. HCS
3. Dual Band Network
4. Power Control
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1. Handover
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Handover (HO)
Handover (HO): Kemampuan dasar suatu network
untuk mendukung secara dinamis perpindahan dari
MS.

Managemen HO: Proses HO suatu MS dari awal
dan terkontrol secara konsisten dan tanpa kerugian
dari area yg dicover satu BTS ke BTS lain.
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Basic Handover (HO)
Measurements Secara UL and DL dan neighbor
BTSs

Decision Kapan dan dimana MS akan HO

Execution Transfer Traffic dan control ke BTS lain.
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Location (HO)
Network MS
Measurement Evaluasi HO Evaluasi HO
Decision Inisiasi HO Inisiasi HO
Execution
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Basic HO Process in Single Layer Networks

Measurement acquisition/reporting
Pre-processing, example
Idle channel measurements
HO initiation due to radio criteria
priorities, static / dynamic ranking
relationship between parameters
Intercell HO
HO Prevention Algorithms
prevention of Back-HO due to PBGT
prevention of HO failure repetition
limitation of Intracell HO repetition
Target Cell List generation/ranking criteria
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Why is HO necessary?
Mengatur suatu progress call ketika MS meninggalkan
suatu coverage area dan masuk ke coverage area dari
neighbor cell.

Network Managemen Efisiensi:
high quality of service
maximum capacity
high spectrum efficiency
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Basic Handover Process Overview
Measurement report
(RXLEV_DL,
RXLEV_NCELL(n),
RXQUAL_DL)
(RXLEV_UL,
RXQUAL_UL,
MS_BS_DIST)
Neigbor cell
book-keeping
Measurement
Averaging
Preprocessing
Generation of
Target Cell List
HO Detection
Process
PowerControl
Process
MS
TRX
Averaged measurements
TRX 1
TRX n
BTS
TCL
Evaluation
BSC
BTS
MSC
MSC
CHANnel
ACTIVation (Intra-Cell HO)
CHANnel
ACTIVation Intra-BSS HO
Intra BSS HO performed
HandOver ReQuireD
incl. Rest of TCL
(Intra-MSC HO)
HandOver CONDition INDication
(HO-cause, TCL and TA)
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Handover Types
1. Intracell Handover
2. Intercell Intra-BSC Handover
3. Intercell Intra-MSC Handover
4. Intercell Inter-MSC Handover
BSC 1b
BSC 1a
MSC 1
MSC 2
4
3
1
2
BSC 2
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Measurement Reporting
( perform uplink
measurements)
MEAS RES (*)
1 SACCH frame
480 ms
( perform uplink
measurements)
MEAS RES (*)
:
:
:
:
:
no measurement
report
(no MS report)
(perform uplink
measurements)
MEAS RES
(*)
:
:
:
(perform uplink
measurements)
MEAS RES
(*)
MEAS REP
MEAS REP
MEAS REP
MS BSC BT
S
Note: Accuracy of reported measurement
values strongly affected by the number of
monitored neighbor cells
(number of cell in BA_SACCH list)

Recommendation
Restrict the number of cells in the
BA_SACCH list to a lowest possible value.
(*) The frequency of sending Meas Rep
messages can be adjusted via O&M
Paramater range 1 to 255
The Abis limits the number of Meas Rep to BSC
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Idle Channel Measurements (ICM)
Averaging
RXLEV samples output every SACCH multi-frame are
compiled and shifted into an averaging window with a size
adjusted via O&M parameter
when the window is completely filled with a new set of samples the
average is calculated (no weighting)
Signal strength measurements on idle TCHs in the BTS are averaged
and mapped on interference level classes
BTS sends periodically to BSC a RF RESOURCE INDICATION
message including the interference level classes of all idle channels
ICM can be enabled / disabled via O&M parameter
Measurement aquisition
UL
Map RSSI to RXLEV
Average
RXLEV_UL
Map RXLEV_UL to
Interference bands
send
RF RESOURCE
INDICATION
to BSC
Mapping on interference bands
The averaged RXLEV values are mapped onto 5 interference bands
The values x1, x2, x3, x4 constitute the right boundaries of the first
4 interference bands and are strictly increasing
0 x1 < x2 <x3 < x4 < 63

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Handover Initiation Criteria Overview
Criterion
receive quality
receive level
ms-bs distance
power budget
directed retry
MSSHO
HCS ...
Class
alarm criteria
emergency
rescue
imperative HO
normal criterion
better cell HO
Purpose
RADIO CRITERIA
NETWORK CRITERIA
to
maintain
quality
minimize interference
for traffic management
forced HO
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Basic Handover Initiation Criteria

handover criterion handover class handover type evaluated on
Extended Cell Handover imperative intracell TCH
Quality Intercell Handover imperative intercell TCH
RXLEV Handover imperative intercell TCH
Distance Handover imperative intercell TCH
Power Budget Handover normal intercell TCH
Quality Intracell Handover imperative intracell TCH
Forced Handover forced intercell SDCCH

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Basic Handover Initiation Criteria
Handover Cause
Initiation Criteria
Intercell HO due to
Quality
1. RXQUAL_XX > L_RXQUAL_XX_H
2. RXLEV_XX < L_RXLEV_XX_IH
3. XX_TXPWR =
Min ( XX_TXPWR_MAX, P )
HO due to Level 1. RXLEV_XX < L_RXLEV_XX_H
2. XX_TXPWR =
Min ( XX_TXPWR_MAX, P )
HO due to Distance 1. MS_BS_DIST > MS_RANGE_MAX
HO due to Power
Budget
1. RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n)
+ Max ( 0, MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) - P )
2. PBGT(n) > HO_MARGIN(n)
Intracell HO due to
Quality
1. RXQUAL_XX > L_RXQUAL_XX_H
2. RXLEV_XX > L_RXLEV_XX_IH
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Imperative HO Defined by Level and
Quality Thresholds
I
n
t
e
r
C
e
l
l

H
O

d
u
e

t
o

L
e
v
e
l

InterCell HO
due to Qual
L_RXQUAL_XX_H
L_RXLEV_XX_IH
RXQUAL
7
0 63
RXLEV
L_RXLEV_XX_H
no HO requested
due to level or quality
IntraCell HO due to Qual
(interference)
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Relations between HO Level Thresholds
BTS
L_RXLEV_XX_H (outgoing level HO)
L_RXLEV_XX_IH
(inter / intracell quality HO)
RXLEV_MIN (incoming HO)
receiver sensitivity
RXLEV
Keep RXLEV_MIN > L_RXLEV_XX_H to prevent ping-pong HO
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Cell Border Design by Handover Thresholds
RXLEV_MIN(*)
L_RXLEV_XX_H
BTS 1
Ideal PBGT
cell border
HO_MARGIN(*) = 0
BTS 2
BTS 3
Keep RXLEV_MIN > L_RXLEV_XX_H to prevent ping-pong HO
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Conditions for TCL Generation
in Single Layer Networks
Handover Conditions for neighbor cells to enter the Target
Cell List (TCL)
Class

Imperative HO

RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEVMIN(n) + max (0, Pa)

Forced HO

RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEVMIN(n) + max (0, Pa) +
FHORLMO(n)

Power Budget HO
RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEVMIN(n) + max (0, Pa)
and
BCV(n) = PBGT(n) HO_MARGIN(n) > 0
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Handover Prevention Algorithms
Prevention of Back-HO due to Power Budget to the old (Original)
cell in case of:
imperative HO out of the original cell
forced HO (Directed Retry) out of the original cell
After specific number of consecutive unsuccessful HOs

After specific number of consecutive successful HOs
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Prevention of Back-HO due to Power Budget
BTS BSC
Chan Activ in B (Cell A, HO-cause)
In case of PBGT-HO:
Cell A is not included
in TCL
Cell A
Cell B
HO Cond Ind (B,C,D)
Back-HO prevention is triggered by the BSC by including the old (original) cell (e.g. cell A) and
the previous HO-cause (e.g. quality, forced ...) in the Channel Activation message sent to cell B:
A timer is started in the BTS of the new cell (cell B)
Until the timer for the original cell (A) expires:
the evaluation of the HO condition due to Power Budget to cell (A) is suspended
this cell (A) is excluded from the target cell list in case of a HO request due to Power
Budget to other cells
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Intra-cell HO evaluation
- Not performed at assignment and otherwise only performed
if intra cell handover is allowed for the current subcell.

-Based on uplink and downlink quality and signal strength
measurements from the serving cell.

-Fulfilled when the quality is worse than could be expected
from the signal strength level.

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Intra-cell HO evaluation
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Limitation of Intracell HO Repetition
Chan Activ
Cell A: Intra HO Cond Ind (quality)
Cell A: Intra HO Cond Ind (quality)
Intra HO Sucessful
no more Quality IntraCell
HO are generated for
timerNoIntracellHO time.
Any other HO is not
affected
BTS BSC
after MAXICHO
consecutive successful
IntraCell HO's:
Chan Activ (Cell A, HO-cause)
Cell A, Channel x
Cell A, Channel y
Cell A, Channel z
If the BSC counter
reaches the maximum
valueof successfully
performed Intracell HOs
Pre-condition:
Specific counter in the BSC for the number of successfully performed Intracell
HOs for the same connection
Specific Timer in the BTS for the duration of which no HO Condition Indication
for Intracell HO is generated
Adapted Channel Activation message on the Abis IF (cell id, HO-cause=HO
successful) from the BSC to the BTS
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2. HCS (Hierarchical Cell Structure)
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Introduction
Problem in capacity
Small cells give limited coverage
Large cells give limited capacity
Situation :
Combined microcell/macrocell
Dualband GSM 900/GSM 1800
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HCS (Hierarchical Cell Structure)
Concept of hierarchical networks has been developed to
meet the increasing traffic demand in certain areas.
Full HCS option
8 layers distributed in ascending order
one or several layers can belong to one of 8 bands
Reduced HCS option
one band and 3 layers
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What Can Be Achieved
Network in layers and bands
The assignment of band and layer is based on
traffic distribution strategy among different cells
maximum traffic capacity for the cells
influence of interference on the cells
Large cells as umbrella cells and small cells to provide extra hot
spot capacity
HCS makes it possible to pass between layers in a controlled way
Traffic is directed to lower layers.
Priority of a cell is given by associating a layer to the cell.
Maximum utilization of given capacity by maintaining sufficient
quality (eg. GSM 1800/900)

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Cell Layer
Cells that have similarities in function and size can be seen as
belonging to the same cell layer.
HCS can be used to give different priority to different layers.
Examples of layers are;
macrocells, providing the main coverage and often main
capacity
street cells or microcells with their lower antennas, less
expensive and more shielded sites
indoor/picocells
macro-, micro- or picocells of another system type in a
multiband network
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Frequency Band
The available frequencies can be grouped into different
bands that do not cause interference to each other
The 900 and 1800 MHz frequencies naturally form
different bands.
These bands can be further divided into sub bands.
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HCS Bands and Layers
An example of how layers can be grouped into bands
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HCS Bands and Layers
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Locating
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Locating
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Algorithm
The layer threshold decides if the cell should be prioritize
over stronger cells of the same HCS band.
For each cell:
Signal strength threshold, LAYERTHR
Hysteresis, LAYERHYST

The band threshold decides if the cell should be prioritized
over stronger cells from other HCS bands.
For each band:
Signal strength threshold, HCSBANDTHR
Hysteresis, HCSBANDHYST
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Algorithm - Example 1
Band 2 Band 4 Band 8
Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 6 Layer 7
1800 pico 1800 micro 1800 macro 900 micro 900 macro
A -74dBm B -73dBm
F -78dBm
D -95dBm
E -72dBm G -68dBm
C -75dBm
H -96dBm
HCSBANDTHR=-95
HCSBANDHYST=0
LAYERTHR=-75
LAYERHYST=0
KOFFSET=0
KHYST=0
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Basic Ranking Only
Cell SS Band Layer
G -68 8 7
E -72 8 6
B -73 4 4
A -74 4 3
C -75 8 7
F -78 4 4
D -95 4 4
H -96 8 7
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Prioritized
cells
Cell SS Band Layer
A -74 4 3
B -73 4 4
E -72 8 6
G -68 8 7
C -75 8 7
F -78 4 4
D -95 4 4
H -96 8 7
Not
prioritized
cells
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HCS ranking
There will be prioritized candidates even if the LAYERTHR is
not fulfilled for any cell (must be above HCSBANDTHR).
If there is congestion in the BEST candidate, HCS will cause a
handover/assignment to a cell in another layer (one cell per
layer)
Maximum capacity utilization not possible in this case
Method optimized to get an interference safe candidate that
belongs to same band ONLY (BQOFFSET & AWOFFSET)
Congestion can be elevated through CLS OR putting cells of
same type in different layers within same HCS band.
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EXERCISE