IIT Colloquium: NRC

Ottawa, Canada
A Vision for Evolving Local Wideband
Wireless Networks
Kaveh Pahlavan,
Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and
Director, CWINS/WLRL
WPI, Worcester, MA
http://www.cwins.wpi.edu
CWINS
Outline
Applications and the market
Existing technologies and limitations
Evolving standards
Overview of Global activities
Some research projects
Classification of Existing Wireless Networks
Voice Driven Networks

Low power, high quality, local services (PCS, wireless PBX, telepoint)-Result
of success in cordless telephone industry

High power, low quality, wide area (Digital Cellular) -Result of demand for
higher capacity for mobile radio

Data Driven Networks

High speed local (Wireless LAN) - A new approach for local area networking

Low speed wide area (mobile data) - Result of success in paging industry
Current Wireless Network Industry
CWINS@wpi
Voice Services
Tariff
Mobility
Service Area
Size/Power
Quality
Intelligent
Network
Cellular
PCS
CWINS@wpi
Data Services
No. Users
Mobility
Service Area
Size/Power
Data Rate
Interoperability
Mobile
Data
WLANS
Wireless LANs
Minimum data rate: 1Mbps (IEEE 802)
Designed for local indoor - less than 100m
Should interoperate with wired LANs
Does not need large investment on infrastructure and does
not collect service charges.
Transmission technology: spread spectrum, standard
radio, IR
Examples: Roamabout, WAVELan, Photolink, FreePort
Standards: IEEE 802.11, HIPERLAN
History of Wireless LANs
Diffused Infrared - 1979 (IBM Rueschlikon Labs - Switzerland)
Spread Spectrum using SAW Devices - 1980 (HP Labs - California)
Wireless modems - early 1980's (Data Radio)
ISM bands for commercial spread spectrum applications - 1985
IEEE 802.11 for Wireless LAN standards - 1990
Announcement of wireless LAN products - 1990
Formation of WINForum - 1992
ETSI and HIPERLAN in Europe - 1992
Release of 2.4, 5.2 and 17.1-17.3GHz bands in EC - 1993
PCS licensed and unlicensed bands for PCS - 1993
1996: .........
Three Views of WWLA
Existing WLAN Applications
Vision for Military
Applications
Vision of the Service Providers
Service Scenarios
Workplace - the main market of today,
TCP/IP applications, legacy LAN backbone
Home - universal access point: Internet
connection, cordless telephone, flexible
speakers, etc. backbone unknown (ATM
preferred).
Nomadic public access - backbone
unknown, easier traffic policing and
charging with WATM.
Wireless LAN Technologies
Technique DF/IR DB/IR RF DS/SS FH/SS
Data Rate 1 - 4 Mbps 10 - 155 Mbps 5 - 10 Mbps 2 - 20 Mbps 1 - 3 Mbps
Mobility Stationary/Mobile Stationary w/LOS Stationary/Mobile Stationary/Mobile Mobile
Range 50 - 200 ft 100 ft 40 - 130 ft 100 - 800 ft 100 - 300 ft
Freq./wavelength 800 - 900 nm 800 - 900 nm 18 GHz, ISM ISM bands ISM bands
Modulation OOK OOK FSK/QPSK QPSK GFSK
Access Method CSMA CSMA Res. ALOHA, CSMA CSMA CSMA
Manufacturer Spectrix InfraLAN (token ring) Motorola - Altair DEC Proxim
JOLT (pt-to-pt) AiroNet RDC
WaveLAN (mesh) Xircom
Persoft
Solectek
Proxim
Windata
WiLAN
Wireless LAN Market
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
K-Unit
Local Wideband Wireless Activities
Evolving Standard Technologies
IEEE 802.11
RES-10 HIPERLAN
Wireless ATM Forum
International Activities
In the US
WINForum, U-NII
In the EC
MEDIAN, WAND, SAMBA and AWACS
In Japan
MMAC (High-Speed WirelessAccess and Ultra High-Speed Radio
LAN)
802.11 PHY
802.11 MAC 802.3 MAC
802.3 PHY 802.11 PHY
802.11 MAC
IP
TCP
Applications Applications
TCP
IP
802.3 MAC
802.3 PHY
802.11 PHY
802.11
MAC
802.11 PHY
802.11 MAC
IP
TCP
Applications
Applications
TCP
IP
(a)
(b)
LANE
AAL5
ATM
PHY
AAL
Custom PHY
WATM
Custom PHY
WATM
IP
TCP
Applications Applications
TCP
IP
(c)
ATM
PHY
AAL AAL
Mobile Terminal
Server
Fixed Terminal
Backbone Network
Access Point
ATM
PHY
ATM
PHY
Interconnection between WLAN/WATM to backbone
ESS
Existing Wired LAN
AP AP
BSS 3
BSS 2
I nfrastructure Network
BSS 1
BSS 2
Ad Hoc Networks
BSS 1
AP
802.11 Configurations

IEEE 802.11 and ISM bands
Media Access Protocol (MAC) for both peer-to-peer and centralized
topologies
Uses 2.4 MHz ISM bands
Supports DSSS (BPSK and QPSK), FHSS (GFSK), and DFIR (OOK)
Data rates are 1 and 2 Mbps for DSSS and FHSS, 1Mbpsfor DFIR
For DSSS the band is divided in two groups:
Group I centralized at: 2412, 2442, and 2472 MHz
Group II centralized at: 2427, and 2457 MHz
For FHSS three patterns of 22 hops out of 79 available I MHz bands with
GFSK. Minimum hop rate is 2,5 hops/second
Provide interoperatability among all stations
IAPP
(Supported byLucent, Aironet, Digital Ocean)
The IAPP specification defines how access points from different
vendors communicate with each other to support mobile stations
roaming across cells and how they communicate across the backbone
network to hand over mobile stations.
The IAPP specification builds on the baseline capabilities of the IEEE
802.11 standard.
The IAPP specification tackles higher-level OSI layers such as logical
link control that facilitates inter-access point communications.
The IAPP specification supports interoperability between products.
Should be applicable to large infra-structures
F
F
F
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
SMRIB
TIB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
SMRIB
TIB RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
SMRIB
TIB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
RIB
NIB
HIB
AIB
1
2
3
4
5
6
HIB {H
Dest
, H
Status
, H
Next
}
RIB {R
Dest
, R
Next
, R
Dist
}
NIB {N
Nbour
, N
Status
}
AIB {A
Ori
, A
Alias
}
SMRIB {S
SMR
, S
Seq
}
TIB {T
Dest
, T
Last
, T
Seq
}
i
s

S
M
R

o
f
i
s

S
M
R

o
f
i
s

S
M
R

o
f
HIPERLAN 1
HIPERLAN 2
Neighborhood
Hiperlan ad-hoc network configuration

ETSI Res-10: HIPERLAN
MAC for both peer-to-peer and centralized
networks
Uses 5.25-5.3 GHz and 17.1-17.3 GHz
Uses GMSK modulation with DFE
Data rates are 10-20 Mbps
The maximum range is 50m
Supports asynchronous data as well as
isochronous voice
Wireless ATM Architecture [WATM
Working Group Presentation]
Frequency Band Modulation
Technique
Data Rate Access Method Topologies MAC Services QoS Availibility
W
I
R
E
L
E
S
S
802.11
Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence:
2.4-2.4835 GHz,
Frequency
Hopping: 2.4-
2.4835 GHz;
Diffused Infrared:
850-950 nanometer
Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence:
DBPSK, DQPSK;
Spread Spectrum
Frequency Hopping:
2GFSK, 4GFSK
BT=0.5; Diffused
Infrared: 16 and 4 PPM
1 and 2
Mbps
Basic CSMA/CA,
RTS/CTS, PCF with
polling list, 20
frames
Ad-hoc,
Infra-
structure
Authentication,
Encryption,
Power
conservation,
Time bounded
services
No explicit support
for QoS, but includes
infrastructure
topology and priority
scheme in PCF that are
useful for quality
assurance.
Technial standard finalized.
Final administrative approval
under progress. Products (e.g
DEC Roamabout) and
chipsets (e.g. Harris PRISM
and Raytheon RAYLINK) are
available.
L
A
N
HIPERLAN
5.15-5.30 GHz Low bit rate: FSK;
High bit rate:GMSK
(BT=0.3)
1.47 and
23.53 Mbps
Non-Preemptive
Multiple Access
(NPMA), 10 PDU
Ad-hoc Encryption,
Power
conservation,
Routing and
forwarding,
Time bounded
services
Advanced user
priority scheme and
packet lifetime
mechanism to support
QoS
Standard is finalized. No
product in the market. Two
prototypes: HIPERION, fully
standards compliant, and
LAURA, not fully compliant
[Wil96].
W
I
R
E
L
E
S
S
MII
Bahama
900 MHZ
(Proposed 5 GHz U-
NII Bands)
OFDM or GMSK with
LMS or RLS
Equalization
2-20 Mbps
between
laptop and
PBS, and
Gbps
between
PBSs
Distributed Queue
Reservation Updated
Multiple Access
(DQRUMA):
Reservation and
Piggybacking
Infrastructur
e, ad hoc
base station
placement
(optional)
Scheduling,
piggybacking
etc.
Base station
responsible for
checking and
guaranteeing QoS,
connections with or
without QoS
guarantees possible.
Prototype at Bell labs in
Lucent Technologies
NEC
2.4 GHz ISM
Bands
/4 - QPSK with
decision feedback
equalization
8 Mbps TDMA/TDD with
Slotted ALOHA
Infrastructur
e based
Scheduling,
multiplexing and
demultiplexing
of VCs
ABR, UBR, VBR and
CBR slots are available
but QoS support is
not finalized
Prototype at NEC USA's
C&C Research Laboratories,
Princeton, NJ.
A
T
M
Magic
WAND
5.2 GHz 16 Channel OFDM > 24 Mbps Reservation, Slotted
ALOHA: Mobile
Access Scheme based
on Contention and
Reservation
(MASCARA)
Infrastructur
e Based
Scheduling, radio
resource
management and
under further
study
Worst case QoS
estimate (cell delay or
cell loss) to be used for
determining the
connection
Prototyping under the
European ACTS AC085
project
Comparison of WLAN and WATM
Wireless ATM Activities
WATM System SWAN
1
MII/BAHAMA
1
Olivetti NEC WAND
Frequency Bands 2.4 GHz ISM Bands 900 MHz (Proposed
5 GHz : U-NII)
2.4 GHz ISM Bands 2.4 GHz ISM Bands 5.2 GHz
Data Rate 625 kbps 2-20 Mbps 10 Mbps 8 Mbps 24 Mbps
Modulation Scheme Frequency Hopping (suggested OFDM
or GMSK with
LMS/RLS)
QPSK /4 - QPSK with
DFE
16 channel OFDM
Medium Access Each mobile has a
fixed channel; token
passing
Distributed queue
reservation updated
multiple access
(DQRUMA)
Reservation with
Slotted Aloha and
piggy-backing on
data cells
TDMA/TDD with
Slotted Aloha
Reservation with
Slotted Aloha
Packet
Format/Addressing
Various types of
link cells
Custom wireless
and LANE
see [POR94] see [RAY97] LANE
Handoffs/roaming Mobile initiated Mobile initiated Mobile initiated
(with Mobile Manager)
Infrastructure
initiated (with Mobile
Representative)
Mobile initiated Mobile initiated
Techniques for
reliability
FEC with (8,4)
linear codes
FEC (proposed
Reed-Solomon
Codes for real-time
traffic and
FEC/retransmissios
for data
16 bit CRC and
ARQ
Data Link Control
for error recovery
FEC
QoS MAC supports QoS Supported Priority for certain
traffic
Fixed slots available
for QoS support
Worst case QoS
estimate to be used
References [AGR96] [ENG95],[AYA96] [POR96],[POR94] [RAY97] [WAND96]
Table 3.3.1: Wireless ATM Activities

1
Lucent Bell Labs
European Wideband Wireless Activities
Table 4.3.1: European Wireless Wideband Activities
Project Full Name and
Number
Objective Details
MEDIAN AC006
Wireless Broadband
CPN/LAN for
Professional and
Residential
Multimedia Services
Evaluate and
implement a high
speed WLAN for
multimedia
applications and
demonstrate it in
real user trials
Multicarrier modulation
(512 channels + OFDM)
60 GHz band
One base station at 155
Mbps, two portables, one at
34 Mbps and one at 155
Mbps
WAND AC085
Wireless ATM
Network
Demonstrator
Develop and
evaluate a realistic
WATM
transmission
facility at 5 GHz
Data rates from 20 Mbps to
155 Mbps
See previous section
SAMBA AC204
System for
Advanced Mobile
Broadband
Applications
Demonstrate
mobile user
applications at up
to 34 Mbps and
prove the MBS
concept
Trial platform of 2 base and
2 mobile stations operating
at 40 GHz
Design state of the art
ASICs
Implement mobility
management and handover
functions
AWACS Advanced Wireless
ATM
Communications
Systems
Development of
system concept
and testbed
demonstration of
tetherless public
access to B-ISDN
services
Low mobility terminals
operating at 19 GHz
Data rates of up to 34 Mbps
Transmission range of
100m
Contribution to standards
development
Japanese Wideband Wireless Activities
Table 4.4.1: Proposed MMAC systems and their parameters
MMAC System High-Speed Wireless Access Ultra High-Speed Radio LAN
Service Area Indoors and outdoor Indoor
Connected Networks Public networks or private
networks
Private networks only (ATM)
Transmission Speed Average 6-10 Mbps
Maximum 25 Mbps
155 Mbps
Terminal Equipment Notebooks and PCs Desktop PCs and workstations
Mobility Stationary or pedestrian
(handovers allowed)
Stationary only
Relocation handover permitted
Frequency Bands 25 or 40 or 60 GHz 60 GHz
Bandwidth 500-1000 MHz 1-2 GHz
Quality bit error rate of 10
-6
bit error rate of 10
-8
MMAC: Multemedia Mobile Access Communications
Unlicensed PCS Activity (Spectrum
Etiquette)
Three basic Principles:
Listen before talk (or transmit) LBT Protocol
Low transmitter power
Restricted duration of transmissions
Unlicensed National Information
Infrastructure Devices
Table 4.2.1. FCC Requirements for the U-NII Frequency Bands
Band of
operation
Maximum
Tx Power
Max. Power
with antenna
gain of 6 dBi
Maximum PSD Applications:
suggested and/or
mandated
Other Remarks
5.15 - 5.25 GHz 50 mW 200 mW 2.5 mW/MHz Restricted to
indoor
applications
Antenna must be
an integral part
of the device
5.25 - 5.35 GHz 250 mW 1000 mW 12.5 mW/MHz Campus LANs Compatible with
HIPERLAN
5.725-5.825 GHz 1000 mW 4000 mW 50 mW/MHz Community
networks
Longer range in
low-interference
(rural) environs.
Issues in a Mobile Network
Type of roaming
Intra-Net (802.11)
Inter-Net (GPRS)
Inter-Tech (between GPRS and 802.11)
Type of mobility
Continual during a move
Access at different locations
Type of connection
With a unique address (mobile IP)
With any address (cash IP)
Type of initiation for roaming
From the terminal
From th network

Evolving Roaming Related Technologies
Intra-Net Roaming
LANE in WATM
802.11
Hiperlan

Inter-Tech Roaming
MASE
Artour
Inter-Net Roaming
Mobile-IP
Layers for Implementation
Physical
MAC
Network IP
Transportation TCP
Session
Presentation
Application
{
Mobile IP
Mobile Host
Mobile Host
M
M
S
R1 R2 R3 R4
R20
Router
Home Agent
Foreign Agent
Sender
inform if possible
LC
Local cache
IP in IP Encapsulation
TCP and rest of packet
IP Version number, and other header
fields
IP Version number, and other header fields
Tunnel Source IP address (home agent)
CARE-OF Address (foreign agent)
Original source IP address
Home IP address of mobile host
Why Client-Server is Important
Most of the current legacy applications are client-
server
Facilitates implementation of mobility
Facilitates interoperability
Facilitates scaleability
Can support multiple platforms
Local optimization of the server to enhance
reliability and availability and results in reducing
costs
Important Client-Server Applications
Web search,
FTP,
Data base access,
Telnet,
Email
References
K. Pahlavan , A. Zahedi, and P. Krishnamurty, Wideband Local Access: Wireless LAN and Wireless ATM, invited
paper, Speical Issue on WATM, IEEE Comm. Soc. Mag., Nov. 1997.

K. Pahlavan and A. Levesque, Wireless Information Networks, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995.

K. Pahlavan, A. Falsafi, G. Yang, Transmission Techniques for Wireless LANs, IEEE JSAC, Speical Issue on
Wireless Local Communications, May 1996.

K. Pahlavan and A. Levesque, Wireless Data Communication, Invited Paper, IEEE Proceedings, Sep. 1994.

K. Pahlavan, Wireless Intra-Office Networks, Invited paper, ACM Trans. on Office Inf. Sys., July 1988. (also
published as the opening paper in Advances in Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, edited by William Stalling,
IEEE Press, 1994)

K. Pahlavan, Wireless Office Information Networks, IEEE Comm. Soc. Mag, Sep. 1985.

K. Pahlavan, T. H. Probert, and M. E. Chase, Trends in Local Wireless Networks, Invited Paper, IEEE Comm. Soc.
Mag., March 1995.