Information Systems

Analysis and Design

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Chapter Contents
Section A: Information Systems
Section B: Systems Analysis
Section C: System Design
Section D: Implementation and
Maintenance
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Section A: Information Systems
Information Systems in Organizations
Transaction Processing Systems
Management Information Systems
Decision Support Systems
Expert Systems and Neural Networks
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Information Systems in
Organizations
An information system collects, stores,
and processes data to provide useful,
accurate, and timely information
An organization is a group of people
working together to accomplish a goal
Business
Nonprofit organization
Mission
Mission statement
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Information Systems in
Organizations
Organizational charts depict the hierarchy
of employees in an organization
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Information Systems in
Organizations
Information systems can:
Automate routine tasks
Solve problems
Structured problem
Semi-structured problem
Unstructured problem
Collect and store internal or external
information
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Transaction Processing
Systems
Provides a way to collect, process, store,
display, modify, or cancel transactions
Point-of-sale systems
General accounting systems
Payroll systems
Order-entry / invoice systems
Batch processing vs. online processing
OLTP system
Detail reports
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Transaction Processing
Systems
A transaction processing
system (TPS) is
characterized by
its ability to:
Collect, display, and
modify transactions
Store transactions
List transactions

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Management Information
Systems
A management information
system is characterized by
its ability to:
Produce routine and on-
demand reports
Provide useful information
for managerial activities
Increase managerial
efficiency
Provide information used
for structured, routine
decisions

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Management Information
Systems
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Decision Support Systems
Helps people make decisions by directly
manipulating data, analyzing data from
external sources, generating statistical
projections, and creating data models of
various scenarios
Executive information system
DSSs design decision models and make
decision queries
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Decision Support Systems
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Expert Systems and Neural
Networks
Expert systems are designed to analyze data
and produce a recommendation, diagnosis, or
decision based on a set of facts and rules
Knowledge base
Inference engine
Knowledge engineering
Expert system shell
Fuzzy logic
A neural network uses computer circuitry to
simulate the way a brain might process
information, learn, and remember
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Expert Systems and Neural
Networks
An expert system is
characterized by its ability
to:
Replicate the reasoning of
a human expert
Work with internal or
external data
Produce a
recommendation or decision

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Section B: Systems Analysis
System Development Life Cycle
Planning Phase
Project Justification
Analysis Phase
System Requirements
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System Development Life Cycle
Waterfall SDLC
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System Development Life Cycle
Modified waterfall SDLC
Iterative SDLC
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Planning Phase
Create a Project
Development Plan
Project management
software
Joint application
design (JAD)
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Project Justification
Usually emerges from a serious problem
with the current system
Michael Porters Five
Forces model
illustrates the factors
that affect
competition among
business rivals.

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Project Justification
An organization must be able to:
Make improvements
Change the industry
Create new products
The PIECES framework helps classify
problems in an information system
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Project Justification
Development methodologies
Structured methodology
Information engineering methodology
Object-oriented methodology
Rapid application development
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Analysis Phase
Produce a list of requirements for a new or
revised information system
Analysis phase activities
Study the current system
Determine system requirements
Write requirements report
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Analysis Phase
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System Requirements
Criteria for successfully solving problems
identified in an information system
Success factors
A CASE tool can:
Document system requirements
Diagram current and proposed information
systems
Schedule development tasks
Develop computer programs
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System Requirements
CASE tools help project
team members manage
all the details of system
documentation. In this
example, the project
team is defining fields for
the Inventory object
depicted on the diagram.

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System Requirements
A System Requirements Report describes
the objects for an information system
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Section C: System Design
Design Phase
Evaluation and Selection
Application Specifications
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Design Phase
The project team
must figure out how
the new system will
fulfill the requirements
in the specified in the
System Requirements
Report
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Design Phase
Consider the following when evaluating
hardware alternatives
Level of automation and computerization
Processing methodology
Centralized processing
Distributed processing
Network technology
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Design Phase
Software alternatives
Programming language
Application development tool
Commercial software
Turnkey system
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Evaluation and Selection
Decision support worksheet
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Evaluation and Selection
A request for proposal (RFP) describes
the information system problem and the
requirements for the solution
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Evaluation and Selection
A request for quotation (RFQ) is a request
for a formal price quotation on a list of
hardware and software
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Application Specifications
Describe the way the information systems
software should interact with users, store
data, process data, and format reports
Feature creep refers to the failure to
constrain change
Changes should be managed formally,
including written change requests
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Section D: Implementation and
Maintenance
Implementation Phase
Development and Testing
Documentation and Training
Conversion and Cutover
Maintenance Phase
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Implementation Phase
Project team
supervises the tasks
necessary to
construct the new
information system
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Development and Testing
Software customization is the process of
modifying a commercial application to
reflect an organizations needs
Application testing is performed in three
ways:
Unit testing
Integration testing
Test area
System testing
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Development and Testing
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Documentation and Training
System documentation
Describes a systems features, hardware
architecture, and programming
User documentation
Describes how to interact with the system to
accomplish specific tasks
Procedure handbook
Contains step-by-step instructions for performing
specific tasks
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Conversion and Cutover
System conversion
Deactivating an old information system and activating
a new one
Several conversion strategies:
Direct conversion
Parallel conversion
Phased conversion
Pilot conversion
Acceptance testing is designed to verify that the
new information system works as required
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Maintenance Phase
Involves day-to-day
operation of the
system, making
modifications to
improve performance,
and correcting
problems
Security is a top
priority as well as an
ongoing activity
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Maintenance Phase
The system operator is responsible for
operating the computer on a day-to-day
basis
The systems programmer installs new
versus of the operating system and
modifies settings to maximize performance
The help desk is staffed by technical
support specialists who are familiar with
the information system and record
problems and solutions
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Maintenance Phase
Maintenance phase costs