Presentation on

ethernet
and
fast ethernet

Shubham agarwal
A1000707028
 Agenda

Introduction
– What is Ethernet?
Technology
– MAC Types
-half duplex
-What is CSMA/CD?
-Variables of CSMA
 – Ethernet Frames
-Addressing
-Physical layer(PL)
-PL implementation
-full duplex
-Fast ethernet
-MAC sublayer
-Physical sublayer
-PL implementation
 What Is Ethernet?
• A local-area network (LAN) protocol
• developed by Xerox Corporation in
• cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1976.
•

• A local area network allowing several

computers
• to transfer data over a communications cable.
•

• Ethernet uses a bus or star topology and

• supports data transfer rates of
• 10/100/1000 Mbps.
Contd…
 Ethernet defines the lower two layers of the
OSI Reference Model.
•

 The local area networks differ only in their

data link layer and in their physical layers.
•
  A computer connected via LAN to the
internet needs all five layers of the internet
model. The three upper layers(application,
transport,network) are common to all
LANs.

 The data link layer is divided into logical link
control(LLC) sublayer and medium access
control(MAC) sublayer.
•
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network
LLC
Data
Data link
link Ethernet
MAC
Physical
 Traditional ,or
10-Mbps ethernet
Data link layer
 The data link layer is divided into two:
• -LLC sublayer
• -MAC sublayer

•

•
 Medium access control
sublayer


 The MAC sublayer governs the operation of
the access method. It also frames the data
received from the upper layer and passes
them to the PLS sublayer for encoding.
 MAC Types
 There are two Media Access Control(MAC)
• protocols defined for Ethernet:
• – Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex

 Half-Duplex is the traditional form of
• Ethernet that uses the CSMA/CD protocol.

 Full-Duplex by passes the CSMA/CD
• protocol.
 MAC Types (Half-Duplex)
•

• -Refers to the transmission of data in just one

direction at a time.
•

• -Half-Duplex Ethernet is the traditional form of

Ethernet that uses the CSMA/CD
•


Acess method:CSMA/CD
 Carrier Sense Multiple
Access
Collision Detect(Half-
Duplex)
 Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD access method to
handle simultaneous demands.
•

 The network is monitored for presence of a

• transmitting station (carrier sense)
•

 The transmission is deferred if an active

• carrier is detected.
• – The station continues to monitor the
• network until the carrier ceases.
 Contd…
 If an active carrier is not detected, and the

• period of no carrier is equal to or greater

• than the interframe gap, then the station
• immediately begins transmission of the
• frame
 While the transmitting station is sending
• the frame, it monitors the medium for a
• collision

Contd…
 If a collision is detected, the transmitting
station stops sending the frame data and
sends a 32-bit "jam sequence
•

• – The jam sequenceis transmitted to

ensure
• that the length of the collision is
sufficient
• to be noticed by the other transmitting
• stations
Contd…
 After sending the jam sequence the
• transmitting station waits a random period
• of time
• – This process is called "backoff“
•

 If repeated collisions occur, then

• transmission is repeated, But the random
• delay is increased with each attempt.
Contd…
 This process repeats until a station
• transmits a frame without collision.

 Once a station successfully transmits a
• frame, it clears the collision counter it uses

• to increase the backoff time after each

• repeated collision.
 CSMA/CD flow
Station ready to send
New attempt
Wait acc. To back off strategy

Sense channel Channel busy

Channel free

Collision detected
Transmit data and sense channel Transmit jam signal

No collision detected

Transmit complete
Ethernet Frame:
 Source
Preamble SFDDestination address Length PDU
Data and padding
CRC
address

7 bytes 1 bytes 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 4 bytes
•

 The ethernet frame contains seven fields:

• -preamble
• -start field delimiter(SFD)
• -destination address
• -source address
• -length/type of PDU
• -upper layer data
• -CRC
 Source
Preamble SFDDestination address Length PDU
Data and padding
CRC
address

 Preamble: The first field contains 7bytes(56

bits) of alternating 0s and 1s that alert the
receiving system to the coming frame and
enable it to synchronize its input timing.
•

 SFD: The second field(1 byte) signals the

beginning of the frame. The last 2 bits are
11 and alert the reciever that the next field
is the destination address.
•

•
 Source
Preamble SFDDestination address Length PDU
Data and padding
CRC
address

 Destination address: The DA field is 6 bytes and

contains the physical address of the
destination station(s) to receive the packet.
 Source address: The SA field is also 6 bytes and
contains the physical address of sender of the
packet.
 Length/type: If value of this field is less than
1518,then it defines the length of the data
field that follows,if value is greater than
1536,then it defines type of PDU packet that is
encapsulated in the frame.
 Source
Preamble SFDDestination address Length PDU
Data and padding
CRC
address


 Data: This field carries data encapsulated
from the upper-layer protocols. It is
minimum of 46 and maximum of 1500
bytes.


• CRC: This field contains error detection
information.
• Frame length: Ethernet has imposed
•Restrictions on both the minimum and

•maximum length of frame.

• Ethernet frame have minimum length of

512 bits or 64 bytes and maximum length of
1518 bytes.
Addressing:-
Each station on an ethernetnetwork(such as

a pc, workstation or printer) has its own
network interface card(NIC).
 NIC provides the station the 6-byte physical
address, which is written in hexadecimal
notation…
• e.g.
• 80-02-05-03-2c-4d
•
Physical layer
  PLS: The PLS sublayer encodes and decodes
data. Traditional ethernet uses Manchester
encoding with data rate of 10 mbps.



• Manchester encoder
• From MAC To Transceiver
•
Manchester decoder
•

• To MAC From Transceiver

 

 AUI: The attachment unit interface , is a
specification that defines the interface
between the PLS and MAU.
•


 Developed to create a kind of medium
independent interface between the PLS
and MAU.



 MAU: The medium attachment unit ,or
transceiver ,is medium-dependent. It
creates the appropriate signal for each
particular medium. There is a MAU for each
type of medium used in 10Mbps ethernet.

 MDI: To connect transceiver to the medium
we need a medium dependent interface.


Physical layer
implementation
10Base5:Thick Ethernet
 The first implementation is called
10base5 ,or thicknet .
10Base2:Thin eternet
 The second implementation is called
10base2 or thin ethernet ,or cheapnet.
10Base-T:Twisted pair
ethernet
 The stations are connected to hub with an
internal or external transceiver.
10Base-FL:fiber link
ethernet
 Uses star topology to connect stations to
hub.
 The transceiver is connected to hub by
using two pairs of fibre optic cables.
Full duplex ethernet
Full-duplex mode allows two stations to
• simultaneously exchange data over a point
• to point link that provides independent
• transmit and receive paths.
•

 The limitation of 10base5 and 10base2 is that

communication is half-duplex.
•

 Full duplex mode increases the capacity of each

domain from 10 to 20 Mbps.
  No need for CSMA/CD.

•

 To provide flow and error control new

sublayer, called the MAC control is added
between the LLC and MAC sublayers.

Fast ethernet
MAC sublayer:
 This layer is same as in 10Mbps ethernet.

•

•
 Access method is same as CSMA/CD technique.
•
•


•

•
Autonegotiation:
 It allows station or hub a range of
capabilities like:
§ To allow incompatible devices to connect to
one another.
§ To allow one device to have multiple
capabilities.
§ To allow a station to check a hub’s
capabilities.
Physical sublayer:
The physical sublayer is made up of four

sublayers:
• -RS
• -MII
• -PHY
• -MDI
•RS: The reconciliation sublayer in fast

ethernet replaces PLS sublayer in 10-Mbps

ethernet.
•
 § Encoding and decoding operation of PLS
layer in 10-Mbps ethernet is moved to PHY
layer,as encoding in fast ethernet is
medium dependent.
•MII:

• In fast ethernet AUI was replaced with the

medium independent interface.

§ Can be used with both 10 and 100 Mbps
data rate.
§ Supports parallel data path between PHY
and RS sublayers.
•
•Phy(transceiver):
§ Performs all functions of MAU in 10-Mbps
ethernet.
§ Also performs encoding and decoding.
§
•MDI:

§ To connect to medium , we need medium

dependent interface.
§ Same as in 10-Mbps ethernet.
Physical layer
implementation
 Fast ethernet can be categorized as two wire
and four wire implementation.
 Two wire implementation is called
100BaseX.
 Four wire implementation is
called100baseT4
100Base-TX
 Uses two pairs of twisted-pair cables.
Encoding and decoding in
100Base -TX
100Base-FX
 Uses two pairs of fiber optic cables.
Encoding and decoding in
100Base-FX
100Base-T4
 can be implemented with category 3 UTP or
STP cable and higher.
Thank you!