Compendium Review

Major Topic One: Oxygen, Microbes,

Immunity
Table of Contents
Part 1
• The Cardiovascular System and Blood Vessels
• The Heart
• Cardiovascular Pathways and Features
• Cardiovascular Disorders

Part 2
• Blood, Red Blood Cells, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders
• White Blood Cell Types and Disorders
• Platelets, Their Functions, and Disorders
• Blood Types and Transfusions

Part 3
• Lymphatic System
• Microbes, Pathogens, and Humans (Oh My!)
• Nonspecific and Specific Defenses
• Immunization and Antibodies
• Immune System Complications and Disorders
Part 1
• The Cardiovascular System and Blood Vessels
• The Heart
• Cardiovascular Pathways & Features
• Cardiovascular Disorders

Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader page 86

 The Cardiovascular System and Blood Vessels
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM contains the heart and blood vessels. The
systems function is to move blood throughout the body acquiring and
distributing products such as oxygen and nutrients to cells, while throwing
away waste products.

Difference between artery &

There are 3 Types of Blood Vessels vein
• Arteries: Transports blood from heart to parts of the body. Made of three
layers - endothelium, smooth muscle and elastic tissue, and connective
tissue. Supports blood entry and absorbs pressure. ARTERIOLES are tiny
arteries which aid in regulating blood pressure.
• Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels branching off arteries and connecting to
veins.
• Veins: Thin walled vessel which moves blood towards heart. VALVES help Picture from
http://en.wikipedia.org/
blood flow and prevent backflow. VENULES drain blood from capillaries. wiki/Capillary_bed &
Human Biology by
Sylvia S. Mader page 87
Part 1
• The Cardiovascular System and Blood Vessels
• The Heart
• Cardiovascular Pathways and Features
• Cardiovascular Disorders

http://www.texasheartinstitute.org/HIC/Anatomy/anatomy2.cfm
 The HEART is a muscular organ which pumps blood to
The Heart other parts of the body via vessels. Located between lungs
and behind sternum, the heart has an internal wall called
the SEPTUM which separates the left and right side. There
are four internal chambers: left and right ATRIUMS (upper)
and left and right VENTRICLES (lower). The
ATRIOVENTRICULA VALVES are located between the
atriums and ventricles, and help to keep blood pumping in
the right direction. The AV valves are supported by
CHORDAE TENDINEAE, strong fibrous threads.
The heart is
enclosed by
PERICARDIUM, a
thick membranous
sac.
Pulmonary Veins: Takes blood Pulmonary Veins: Takes
from lungs to heart blood from lungs to heart

AV Valve
(Bicuspid
[mitral]) 2 flaps
Atrial Septum Aortic Semilunar
Valve
AV Valve
(Tricuspid)
Ventricular
3 flaps
Septum
AO – Aorta
PA – Pulmonary Artery
Picture from LA – Left Atrium
http://www.medicalook.com/ Pulmonary
Heart_diseases/ & Semilunar Valve RA – Right Atrium
http://www.texasheartinstitu
te.org/HIC/Anatomy/valves.c
LV – Left Ventricle
fm RV – Right Ventricle
 Picture from

The Heart
http://www.texasheartinstitu
te.org/HIC/Anatomy/conduct
.cfm

The heartbeat is known as a CARDIAC CYCLE. When

chambers contract, it is known as SYSTOLE, when
the relax, it is known as DIASTOLE. The SINOATRIAL
NODE starts the heartbeat by sending impulse
which contracts atria. The SA is located in the upper
wall of right atrium and sends an impulse about
every .85 seconds. The impulse travels from the AV
NODE through two threads known as the AV
BUNDLE; then to the PERKINJIE FIBERS. The cardiac
control center is also regulated by a part of the
brain known as the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, which
controls parasympathetic (relaxed) and sympathetic
(stimulated). An ECG (ELECTROCADIOGRAM) is a
test that looks at the electrical activity of a cardiac
The heart is a double pump: The
cycle.
RV sends blood through the
lungs while the LV sends blood
through the body

An electrocardiogram (ECG
or EKG) tracing.

Picture from http://www.texasheartinstitute.org/HIC/Anatomy/valves.cfm

Part 1
• The Cardiovascular System and Blood Vessels
• The Heart
• Cardiovascular Pathways and Features
• Cardiovascular Disorders

Main Pathway
Heart – arteries – arterioles – capillaries -
venules – veins – back to the heart
 Cardiovascular Pathways and Features
Picture from Human
• PULSE: Felt in any artery close to skins surface; equals Biology by Sylvia S.
the rate of heart. Mader page 92 & 94

• The flow of blood is regulated by BLOOD PRESSURE, or

the bloods pressure against a vessel wall. Blood pressure
can be taken from an instrument known as a
SPHYGGMOMANOMETER.
• Highest arterial pressure is known as SYSTOLIC
pressure and the lowest arterial pressure is known as
DIASTOLIC pressure.
• Normal blood pressure is 120/80. (systolic
pressure/diastolic pressure)
• HYPERTENSION – High blood pressure
• HYPOTENSION – Low blood pressure
• The flow of blood is slow in capillaries to allow
substance exchange
• Valves in the veins, the skeleton muscle pump, and the
respiratory pump help return blood to the heart.

PULMONARY CIRCUIT exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen

when circulating blood through the heart and lungs from the
body. The SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT delivers oxygen and nutrients,
while removing waste, to body tissues. The largest artery is
known as the AORTA, which receives blood from the SUPERIOR
VENAE CAVAE and large veins. The INFERIOR VENAE CAVEA
 Cardiovascular Pathways and Features
CORONARY ARTERIES are branched right
above the aortic semilunar valve and
supply blood to the walls of the heart.
Blood is taken from the digestive
tracts capillary bed to the livers
capillary bed via the HEPATIC
PORTAL VEIN. This blood is rich in
glucose and amino acids. After
Fluid movement through the capillary wall leaving the liver, the vein enters
is controlled by osmotic and blood into the inferior vena cava.
pressure. Blood pressure causes H2O to
move to tissue fluid while osmotic
pressure causes H2O to move in. At
arterial end BP is higher while at venous The Lymphatic
end OP is higher. system collects
extra tissue fluid
via lymphatic
vessels and is
sent back into
the blood at the
subclavian veins.

Picture from
Human Biology
by Sylvia S.
Mader page 96
 Cardiovascular Pathways and Features

Did You Know…

Together, the blood vessels form

an incredible highway system: If you
laid them out in one line, the line
would be up to 100,000 miles long,
or about 2 1/2 times around
the world!

Verbiage and Picture from

http://www.mybloodyourblood.org/doc/ab
c_bloodology_v.letter.pdf
Part 1
• The Cardiovascular System and Blood Vessels
• The Heart
• Cardiovascular Pathways and Features
• Cardiovascular Disorders

Did you know that cardiovascular disease is the

#1 cause of death in the Western Countries?
 Cardiovascular Disorders: Blood Vessels
High Blood Pressure: HYPERTENSION
describes when blood flows through arteries
at a elevated level than what is normal. If
the systolic pressure is above 140 or the
diastolic pressure is above 90, and can lead
to stroke, heart attack, and even kidney
failure. Some particles such as plasma
proteins and triglycerides can accumulate,
known as PLAQUES, and cause inflammation
in the arterial blood vessel walls. This disease
is known as ATHEROSCLEROSIS, and as it
progresses, it can interfere with normal blood
flow. A clot can form due to plaque build up,
known as THROMBUS; one the clot dislodges
and flows through the blood stream it is
known as an EMBOLUS. Some clots can be
treated with drugs or aspirin while others,
such as aortic arteries, can be treated by a
CORONARY BYPASS OPERATION. A blood
vessel from the leg can be stitched to the
aorta end, bypass the blockage, and Pictures from
http://www.mayoclinic.
reconnect in to the other end. Also, a metal com/health/coronary-
bypass-
mesh cylinder with a balloon known as a surgery/HB00022 &
http://en.wikipedia.org
STENT can be placed in the blocked artery to /wiki/Coronary_stent

help open it.

 Cardiovascular Disorders: Blood Vessels
Pictures from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke
Stroke: Occurs when a small
arteriole in the brain either bursts
or is blocked. The specific area of
the brain can die due to lack of “This picture
oxygen. shows an
Heart Attack: Occurs when heart Intracerebral and
Intraventricular
muscle dies as a result of a lack of hemorrhage”
oxygen. This can be caused by a
blockage in an artery which cause
ANGINA PECTORIS, a pain “Thrombus material
extending down the left arm. removed from a coronary
artery during a
Aneurysm: Occurs when the wall
Percutaneous Coronary
of blood vessels/arteries become Intervention to abort a
thin and balloon out. The vessels myocardial infarction.”
can rupture causing severe pain
and death.

Prevent Cardiovascular Disease:

2. Don’t Smoke or use tobacco products
3. Don’t use Drugs
4. Don’t Become Obese; Stay Active and Exercise
5. Eat a Heart Healthy Diet
6. Get Regular Health Screenings; Blood Pressure and
Cholesterol Level
 Cardiovascular Disorders: Heart
HEART FAILURE is increasing due to the high Clot stops
blood flow Plaque
number of individuals who are surviving heart buildu
attacks. Heart failure causes the heart to not p on
vessel
pump correctly or become swollen and walls
oversized. A cardioverter-defibrillator can be
placed under the skin to generate a beat that
may have been missed or shock the heart
muscle if the beating is too fast. Heart
transplants are becoming more successful, as is
the use of stem cells for cardiac muscle. An
alternative to a transplant is the left ventricular
assist device which aids in passing blood from
the left ventricle to the aorta. We may also see
GM pig hearts used as organ replacement in
the future.

Implantable battery
operated
cardioverter- Picture of LVAD
defibrillator

Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_attack &

http://www.worldheart.com/products/novacor_lvas_works_co
mponents.cfm &
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter_
defibrillator
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