University College of Technology and Management Malaysia

TCT 0113 Intro To IT

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Introduction To Information
Technology

TCT 0113
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
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WHAT IS COMPUTER ?
A programmable machine. The two principal
characteristics of a computer are:

It responds to a specific set of instructions in a
well-defined manner.
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It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions
(a program).

Modern computers are electronic and digital.
The actual machinery -- wires, transistors, and
circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and
data are called software.

WHAT IS COMPUTER ? cont
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What Is a Computer? Cont
A machine that can be programmed to accept
data, process it into useful information, and store
it away

Data: raw facts representing people and
events

Information: data that is organized,
meaningful, and useful
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What Is a Computer? cont
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Fundamental Characteristics of Computer

Speed
Reliability and Consistency
Accuracy
Storage Capability
Communications

WHAT IS COMPUTER ? cont
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Benefits of Computers
Productivity
Workers use computers to do their jobs faster
and better
Many processes can be more efficiently
controlled by computers
WHAT IS COMPUTER ? cont
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Decision Making
Helps decision makers sort out financial,
geographical, and logistical factors

Cost Reduction
Helps hold down costs of labor, energy and
paperwork

Benefits of Computers
WHAT IS COMPUTER ? cont
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HISTORY
Charles Babbage designed the first computer,
starting in 1823. Though not completed until
1990 (?), his Difference Engine worked. Ada
King, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of
Lord Byron, wrote programs for the Difference
Engine, thus becoming the world's first
programmer.
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The ENIAC was the first successful electronic
digital computer. Professor John Mauchly,
concieved of the ENIAC and created it.


HISTORY cont
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The IBM 360 was a revolutionary advance in
computer system architecture, enabling a family
of computers covering a wide range of price and
performance.



HISTORY cont
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HISTORY cont
The LGP30 was built by Litton General Precision
in the mid 1950's. It was implemented with
vacuum tubes and drum memory. It used a
Flexowriter for I/O. The instructions had three
addresses, two for the operands and one for the
next instruction.
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HISTORY cont
Digital Equipment Corporation's first computer
was the PDP-1.

Spacewar is the first video game and was
written by Steve "Slug" Russell at MIT in 1960-
61.


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HISTORY cont
The PDP-8 was the world's
first minicomputer. It was
priced at the amazingly low
price of $20,000.00.

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COMPUTER GENERATION
Vacuum Tube
Magnetic core as storage
Large size and expensive
Unreliable and hard to coordinate.
Machine Language (0 and 1)
Instruction were written in the punch card
FIRST GENERATION
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Transistor as the switches
Faster, smaller size and easier to coordinate
compare to the first generation computer.
Assembly language or Symbol language E.g.. Aa
= +
SECOND GENERATION
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Integrated circuit
Faster , smaller size and more reliable compare
to the second generation computer.
The Beginning of the Personal Computer era.
Using high level language and easier t learn
(English)
E.g.. COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC and C
Language.

THIRD GENERATION
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FOURTH
GENERATION
Improved the processing technology
Better logic circuits
The introduction of Compact and Laser disc
End-user computing concept.
Icon and menu were started to be used in the PC
Output orientation
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Microchip
The fastest computer technology with
the best memories storage compare to
be the previous generations.
Multiprocessor
Using natural languages such as
spoken word.
The beginning of artificial Intelligence
e.g. ; robot for the industries and
personal life.
Using PROLOG language.
FIFTH GENERATION
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Classification of Computers
Personal Computers
Notebook Computers
Handheld Computers
Midrange Computers
Mainframes
Supercomputers
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Personal Computers
Desktop computers
Also known as PCs, microcomputers, or home
computers

Broken down into three categories:
Low-end computers
Fully-powered personal computers
Workstations
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PC Categories
Low-end computers
Fine for home users, word processing, simple
games, Internet access

Fully powered computers
Good for heavy use of graphics,
programming, or action-oriented games

Workstations
Very high-end computers used by engineers,
financial traders, and graphic designers

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Network computer
Central processing unit and minimal memory
Designed to be used on a network
Sometimes called thin client

Personal Computers cont
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Notebook Computers
Small, lightweight computers
Capabilities approach that of
desktop computers
Similar processing and
memory
Most have hard disk, and
diskette or CD-ROM drive
Typically more expensive
than comparable desktop
computers
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Handheld Computers
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
Keeps track of appointments,
contacts, etc.
Accepts input with hand-held
stylus
Pocket PC
Offers capabilities of PDAs, plus
the ability to run stripped-down
versions of software such as
word processing and spreadsheets
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Midrange Computers
Multi-user computers designed to serve the
needs of medium-sized organizations
Hundreds or thousands of users connected
Used for inventory, order-entry, and other
company-wide applications
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Mainframes
Very large and powerful computers
Capable of processing billions of instructions
per second
Capable of handling billions of characters of
data
Often used for applications with many users
Reservations systems
Large mail-order houses
E-mail servers
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Supercomputers
The fastest and most powerful
computers
Capable of processing trillions
of instructions per second
Used for very sophisticated
applications requiring mammoth
data manipulation:
Weather forecasting
Weapons research
Special effects for movies
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Personal Computer System