Cartilage and bone

一、 Cartilage
一 .structure of cartilage tissue

cartilage tissue = chondrocyte+ cartilage

matrix

cartilage = cartilage tissue + perichondrium

 1.chondrocyte

• LM: nucleus ， small ,round. 1-2

nucleolus; cytoplasm, basophilic.
• EM ： rER and Gol. more ， Mi less.
• Function ： secrete cartilage matrix
2.cartilage lacuna
Chondrocytes embedded in cartilage
matrix form the space .
3. isogenous cell group ：
A single parent chondrocyte divided into
a group of cells(2-8) , in one cartilage
lacuna.
4. cartilage matrix ＝ fibers ＋ ground
substance
cartilage matrix : secreted by chondrocytes
ground substance ： proteoglycans .
Glycosaminoglycan, water. form a
meshwork.
5. cartilage capsule
The matrix around the lacunae or the
isogenous cell group, stains deeper
than elsewhere.
二 . the types of cartilage tissue

on characters of fibers in the matrix.

• Hyaline cartilage

• fibrocartilage

• Elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
• The matrix: transparent , homogeneous
collagen fibers , basophilic.
• The chondrocytes: in surface , cells are
small, resemble with fibroblasts ;inside , cells
are large , present in groups.
• Distribution : Costal cartilage , Articular
cartilage, The walls of the trachea and large
bronchi , etc.
Hyaline cartilage

Perichondrium

chondrocyte

matrix
Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
 Fibrocartilage
• white cartilage .
• The ground substance is less. type Ⅰcollagen bundles ,
great tensile strength and elasticity.
• The chondrocytes are smaller and located in line
between the collagen bundles.
• No perichondrium
• Distributions: secondary cartilaginous joints or
symphyses, etal.
fibrocartilage

Collagen
bundles
chondrocyte
matrix
Elastic cartilage

• the matrix : numerous elastic fibers ,form a

network.
• Perichondrium covers the surface.
• greater flexibility than hyaline cartilage.
• Distributions: auricle, the wall of the medial
part of the auditory tube , the epiglottis, etc.
Elastic cartilage

chondrocyte

Elastic
fiber

matrix
Elastic cartilage
三 . perichondrium
The thin dense CT layer which
capsuled the cartilage .
outer layer ： collagen
fibers ， protection.

inner layer ： more cells ， chondroblasts

、 blood vessels 、 lymphatic and nerves.
四 . How cartilage growth
Tow kind of growth ：
1.appositional growth ： also called
subperichondrium growth ， osteoprogenitor
cells→ chondroblasts → chondrocytes.

2.interstitial growth ： growth in the

cartilage .
二、 Bone
 一 .Elements of bone
Organic matrix
Bone matrix
Inorganic ions

Bone tissue Osteoprogenitor cells

osteoblasts
cells
bone osteocytes
osteum osteoclasts

Bone marrow
二、 Osseous tissue
（一） bone cells
1. osteoprogenitor cell ： stem C
→Osteoblasts
chondroblasts

2. Osteoblasts ： protein
secreting C →synthesize osteoid
→ bone matrix →osteocyte 。
3. osteocyte
• most

• small ， more processes.

• lacuna ： osteocyte 。

• canaliculi ： delicate
cytoplasmic processes of
osteocyte 。
osteocyte
4. Osteoclast ：
• few.
• poly nucleus ， magakaryocytes.
• EM ： ruffled border –microvilli
• functions ： dissolve 、 absorb
bone.
lacuna osteoblast

lamella osteocyte

Osteoproge
nitor cell
osteoclast

Pattern of bone tissue

Bone
cells

osteoblast

osteocyte

osteoclast

Mesenchyma
l
cell
（二） Bone matrix
1.constituents
Collagen fiber
Organic
matrix Ground substance ：
35% glycosaminoglycans
,neutrophilic or acidic

Inorganic ions ： hydroxyapatite

(Ca10[PO4] 6[OH]2)
65%
2. Bone lamellus

•thin plate of bone , collagen

fibres & mineral salts ,deposited in
a gelatinous ground substance.
osseous fibres parallel or vertical.
why?
•Osteocyte: Embedded in bone matrix
the same or between adjoining
lamellae.
Relationships of osteocytes to bone lamellae
 3. classifications
• compact bone ： bone lamellae arranged dense,
diaphysis of long bone, surface of short
bones & flat bones.

• spongy bone ： lamellae in the form of

spicules ， trabecular network) 。 Epiphysis of
long bone, surface of short bones & flat
bones.
三、 structure of long
bone

Diaphysis: Compact bone

• long bone
Epiphysis: Spongy bone

•Surface: periosteum & articular cartilage

• inside: marrow cavity.
Spongy Articular
bone cartilage
Compact bone
periosteu Bone marrow
m
1. Diaphysis ：

•Circumferential lamellae ： inner 、 outer.

• Haversian system

• interstitial lamellae
 Outer Circumferential
lamellae

Haversian system

interstitial lamellae

inner Circumferential
lamellae
 Haversian system

• also called, osteon

• concentric rings, Haversian lamellae,

surround Central canal

•Functions: Support , the basic unit.

Central canal
Interstitial
lamellae
2. Epiphysis ：
•Covered by a thin layer of
compact bone .

•Articular cartilage on the

articular face.
3. osteum
• periosteum: outer , inner.

• endosteum

• functions ： nutritive
function 、 development and repair.
 keypoints
① Structure of cartilage tissue.
② The characteristics of three kinds of
cartilage.
③ How cartilage grow
④ Bone cells and bone matrix
⑤ Structure of long bone , esp , the
structure of diaphysis.
 三、 ossification
self-study ！

Originate from mesenchyme… 。

 （一） Formation of bone tissue
Mesenchymal cell

secre
t
osteoprogenitor osteoblast Fiber&GS （ osteoid ）
cell
Translate
into Calcification
osteocyte Bone matrix

Bone tissue
 （二） manners of ossification

1. intramembranous ossification

mesenchyme Embryonic
Flat bone
membrane of
CT
intramembranous ossification
2. endochondral ossification

Rudiment long bone

mesenchyme of hyaline &irregular
cartilage bone
endochondral ossification
• The wall of
the shaft ：
intramembra
nous
ossification,
bone collar.

• The center
of the bone :
endochondral
ossification.
（三） growth of long bone
Attribute to epiphyseal plate, continuous
growth and replace.
from epiphysis to diaphysis, epiphyseal
plate ：
①zone of resting cartilage.
② zone of proliferating cartilage.
③ zone of calcification .
④ zone of ossification .